Course Syallbus

If ultra is â€Å"everything' and â€Å"everywhere† what exactly isn't culture, and do we actually need a subfield in sociology to study it if everyone is already studying It anyway? Does this course sound confusing? Does it sound like something you'd best run away? Please don't. You need not worry. Culture is both the norms, values, and rituals that you celebrate and hold dearly, and the one's that you take for granted as â€Å"common sense. † Culture is a mental map or schema that you use to make sense of the world and your place in it. Culture is a â€Å"way of life. † Appeals to culture can be used to keep things room changing, or to change things.Culture is also material objects such as books, movies, art, and fashion, as well as physical practices such as singing or dancing. Culture is produced and culture is consumed. This is a course about how culture -?which is both within you and all around you -works, doesn't work, and why. Required Text * Wary, Matt. 2014. Cultural Sociology: An Introductory Reader. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. Goals and Objectives *Students will be able to display comprehension of major theories and perspectives in the sociological study Of culture, both historical and anthropometry. Students will be able to apply theories from these subfields to real-world settings and examples. *Students will leave the course with an analytic â€Å"tool- kit' for studying the role of culture in groups, organizations, fields, and societies. Student Expectations Students will attend all scheduled meetings on time and prepared. Students will not falsify illness or injury to themselves, family, or friends if attendance is missed. Students will complete the readings assigned before class and to a level in which they would feel comfortable leading a group discussion.Students will not skip the reading, skim the reading, or give up on the reading if they find it initially confusing. Students will respect each other, and our collabor ative learning environment in the course. Students will not plagiarism. Instructor Expectations In agreement and in honor of your commitment to the course, I agree to be punctual and prepared; to use my knowledge of sociology to work through the material with you; and to be forthright, timely, and helpful in my communication and feedback.I take our time together very seriously and work hard to provide opportunities within our course that will contribute to our goals, aspirations, and commitments inside and outside of CISTS. Assignments and Grade Breakdown: Class Attendance and Participation: You are expected to be in class every day and be an active and vocal member of our community. You need to be here to participate, and you need to be prepared to participate well. Attendance will be taken using a sign-sheet on each day. If you were not present to sign in on the sign-in sheet, you will be considered absent for that day of class.Reading Quizzes: Over the term there will be five sur prise reading quizzes. These will consist Of two to three short questions. Mid-Term Exam: The midterm will take place in Week 6 of the course. Details will be provided in class in advance of the midterm. Final Exam: The final exam will have a similar format to the mid-term. We will spend time during our last lecture discussing the final exam. Final grades will be broken down into the following categories: Class Attendance and Participation Reading Quizzes Midterm Exam Final Exam Total 15% 100% Late Work policy f you miss a reading quiz you will get a zero score for that week's quiz.Your lowest reading quiz score is dropped. If you miss the midterm without advanced notice and without an approved and excused absence your score will automatically be dropped by one letter grade. Assorted Policies having to do with Email Email Diana Miller Dianna. [email  protected] Ca with questions about the course. Questions that require two sentences or less to answer will be responded to by email, which basically excludes all emails asking for substantive course material to be â€Å"explained. † For these types of inquiries and any other inquiries that will take longer to answer, please attend office hours or make arrangements by appointment.Diana will forward me any questions that she cannot answer. Emails will be responded to within 48 hours. If your question has not been responded to within 48 hours, please forward it to me after that period. Do not expect a response Outside of normal business hours (e. G. A question emailed on Friday night will be responded to by the end of the working day on Tuesday). What â€Å"Participation† Means Participation can be either positive or negative. Being attentive, engaged, and asking and answering questions about the course material are examples of positive participation.If you're not comfortable speaking in front of the class, I encourage you to use this space to practice, but also accept that this may be an issue for yo u. If so, make sure you're engaging in the other forms of positive participation, and not engaging in any forms of negative participation. Negative participation includes zoning out, coming late, leaving early, not paying attention, sleeping or distracting other students. If you are participating negatively and I or someone else finds it distracting, I'll politely ask you to leave, and I strongly suggest you do so.Simply put, if you're too red or not ready to learn I'd rather you not come to class than sleep through it or distract other students. Feedback on our Course value and seek your feedback on our course. To that end, I will distribute a mid-term evaluation near the halfway point of the course to hear from you anonymously. This assists me in making any necessary adjustments in my teaching practice for the rest of our time together. Possible Changes to the Syllabus Every class is a bit different. As a result unforeseen problems may emerge and we may have to make adjustments to the syllabus as we go.

Purchasing and Supply Management Essay

1.0 Introduction Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation (KFC) was the world’s largest chicken restaurant chain and third largest fast-food chain. KFC held over 55 percent of the U.S market in terms of sales and operated over 10,200 restaurants worldwide in 1998. KFC first opened in Australia 1968. Present day KFC now serves over 2million customers a week. With over 600 stores Australia wide. This report will aim to analyse and critique KFCs purchasing and supply management activities. In particular the legal, ethical, sustainability and social responsibility issues in purchasing and supply management, as well as supplier selection, evaluation and contracting methods. This report will provide an in-depth analysis of the purchasing methods and hope to show areas open for continuous improvement through changes in supply management and purchasing initiatives. 1.1 Background of KFC Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation (KFC) was the world’s largest chicken restaurant chain and third largest fast-food chain. KFC held over 55 percent of the U.S market in terms of sales and operated over 10,200 restaurants worldwide in 1998. http://www.scribd.com/doc/53764758/Supply-Chain-Management-of-KFC. Since opening in Australia KFC has become ever growingly popular throughout the years, Though in recent times it has seen a gradual downfall which many believe is due to the sudden boom in healthy food options. Due to this boom KFC has seen numbers drop and other fast food outlets like subway have increased. Since then KFC has implemented a few pro environment social responsibilities initiatives such as â€Å"Ditching the palm oil contract† and opening its first ever energy efficient restaurant. When it comes to purchasing methods and supply management however there is always room for continuous improvement which is what this report aims to analyse. 1.1.1 Objectives & Goals One of the major objectives of KFC that they run their campaign in such a way that KFC creates and image in the minds of customers that customers want to go in KFC and will be the first choice for the customers. KFC wants to become the first choice because its they become the first choice it is excellent for the health of the KFC business because if business is expands then there is eliminate scope and the opportunity to get the maximum profit and utility. The Corporation has a vision KFC’s vision is to bring people of all ages, races and backgrounds together to enjoy ‘Soul Food’ – ‘proper food at reasonable prices’ – within bright and fun interiors. KFC is designed to be perceived as a fun and inclusive brand (KFC, 2011). 2. Purchasing and Supply chain management In Recent years with a ever growing shift towards more environmental approach for multi national companies especially fast food giants, KFC has come under much scrutiny with such happenings as the Indonesian chicken antibiotics incident 2013, Green peace packaging incident when claims were made KFC packaging is coming from Indonesian forest in 2012 and the free roam chicken incident 2011 where KFC quickly removed its free range chicken advertising after an investigation was launched into its suppliers.http://www.smh.com.au/business/media-and-marketing/kfc-pulls-free-roam-ads-after-watchdog-bites-chicken-suppliers-20110913-1k7tj.html. All these instances sparking world news articles and putting immense pressure on brand name and reputation in the global market, this all comes down to the purchasing and supply management. At the moment KFC purchasing and supply management are running at a low risk and avoiding any anticipated supply bottlenecks and building long term supplier relations. Though in today’s extremely competitive and lucrative market this is no longer enough, one option is to reposition the purchasing supply management within the organisation to make a globally acceptable change towards a more environmentally friendly purchasing and supply methods. This could be achieved by shifting towards a more hybrid structure with better global sourcing councils or corporate purchasing and steering committees and by shared resources between distributors and suppliers and possible implementation of fixed price incentives contracting. 2.1 Ethical standard Kentucky Fried Chicken is very keen about ethical standards both within and without the company as asserted by their company representatives. For instance the company is strict about is vendor engagements. Before a supplier can secure a contract with Kentucky Fried Chicken, they have to comply to similar ethical standards as KFC. This means that the supplier must not utilise under age labour to producer their commodities, they must pay fair wages and must also avoid placing harmful chemicals in their commodities. These concepts have governed the way KFC chooses other business partners too; they include contractors and manufacturers. One option here is to implement contractual renewals and to review the contract specifications annually with regards to global market and ever-changing ethical ideologies. This could see that KFC is the leader in ethical and social responsibilities, however could bee seen to add significant economic costs, which could be made up in brand name value and co mmunity awareness. 2.2 supplier section & Evaluation KFC Australia franchise boasts that 97% of its chickens are delivered fresh not frozen, And that all of the chickens are allowed to grow naturally without any additives such as hormones or stediods, they source chickens from reputable Aussie suppliers like Inghams, steggles and baiada.http://www.kfc.com.au/kfc-australia/ In Australia in particular there is a ever growing trend for local fresh produce and this is showing through all major supermarkets. Just 10 years ago there were no farmers markets in SA or Victoria now there are more then 70 held regularly. (http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/165974/safood_consumers_report.pdf) This trend has since had a knock on affect to the fast food industry and suppliers. With a majority of the main fast food distributors now moving to local markets and produce in hope to boost brand name whilst showing corporate responsibility and intern create profit margins for the company. Although KFC Australia already sources some of its supplies from local farmers there is more that could be done. One option could be to move towards a more local decentralized suppliers, though this would add logistical implications there is room to gain quality and cost through increased competition. Though considering huge infastrucal change that would  be need to implement this the best option is to build on the supplier relationship currently active and create a mutually beneficial agreement with the implementation of 2.2.1 Supplier performance monitoring & measurement (Supplier code of conduct)- http://www.kfc.com/about/supplier.asp KFC’s suppliers are all held to strict and stringent quality and control measures under contracts. Though this is a area that could be expanded on to create continuing control methods, as KFC is such a large name in the food industry and boast a reputable brand name. Such aspects as supplier quality monitoring and measurement really need to be looked at, currently it is up to the suppliers to monitor and measure their own quality. The importance of this was shown last year in shanghai when KFC cut over 1000 supplier contracts in Shanghai and their parent company â€Å"Yum† experienced a 6% market drop that year which was more then the 4% previously predicted due to high levels of antibiotics being found in the chicken. http://www.businessinsider.com.au/kfc-cuts-more-than-1000-suppliers-after-china-chicken-scare-2013-2 When it comes to food giants such as KFC emphasizing prevention over detection is a must and one must aim and reach almost zero defects as the fast food industry is one of the most competitive quality driven industries in Australia. One recommendation is to implement a quality control team that goes out and measures the quality and performance of each of the suppliers on a regular basis. This could also carry on to within the restaurants themselves as currently KFC only audits a set portion of their restaurants each year and quality could be improved by auditing all of the company’s venues at least annually. This could also provide vital supplier selection data and if collected and logged correctly a great monitoring and measurement system to judge suppliers by. 3. Means of Contracts 3.1 Means used for the obtaining of contracts KFC has many suppliers from which Pilgrims’ Pride supplies them the huge amount of chicken and those chickens then go for further process and then to be served into KFC restaurants all around the globe. KFC must convey proper steps and methods to evaluate suppliers and their material as suppliers affect the overall operation of KFC. Furthermore Suppliers must focus on  their improvement because if KFC is affected; they would be affected too. There are three means whereby KFC, obtains its supply contracts from the suppliers. These three means are mentioned below: Direct Purchase: KFC franchises sometimes purchase directly from the suppliers in case of urgent supplies or when there supplier cannot deliver on time due to some reasons. This is only temporarily to meet the urgent demand and allow the operations to run without any abruption. Quotations: The KFC management after going through and analysing the supply needs requests the suppliers to prepare their costing data and send a quotation for supplies of raw materials necessary for the operation of the restaurants. Tenders: This is a process where KFC invites tenders to all the suppliers of food products out there in the market. Whichever supplier meets the product specifications, quality assurance and the cost set by KFC, gets the contract to supply raw materials to the KFC restaurants. 3.2 Renewal, Termination Most KFC outlets are owned by the franchisees, which operate the restaurants in accordance with the license issued to them by the KFC. The License Term shall expire on the 20th anniversary of the opening date subject to earlier termination pursuant to the Agreement. Upon termination or expiration of the License, the Franchisee shall immediately discontinue use of all KFC trademarks, service marks, trade names, trade secrets, and know-how and processes developed and owned by KFC and shall immediately and at no cost to KFC remove signs, menu board inserts, point-of-sale material, red and white stripes and any characteristically designed roof from the Outlet and otherwise change its exterior and interior appearance so that it is no longer confusingly similar to a Kentucky Fried Chicken outlet and no longer bears any KFC trademarks, service marks or trade names or designations or marks similar thereto. Renewal of Agreement; at the expiration of the term here of, Franchisee may extend this Agreement for successive ten (10) year periods, provided that at the time of expiration of the term hereof or the then current extended term: (a) Franchisee shall not have failed to remedy any breach specified by KFC. (b) Franchisee shall agree to make such capital expenditures as may be reasonably required to renovate and modernize the Outlet and its signs and equipment so as to reflect the image of Kentucky Fried Chicken outlets. (c) If renovation and modernization of the Outlet is not possible or feasible, Franchisee shall relocate the outlet. (d) Franchisee shall execute a new license agreement on the form then being used by KFC, but without any increase in royalty fee or advertising (e) Franchisee shall not have engaged breaches of The Agreement within the preceding twenty-four 24 Months prior to renewal. In the contracting and franchising of KFC’s network the report has found that this is a efficient method of contracting and no economically feasible changes have been found that would be seen to improve or add value to business. Conclusion This report found on its analysis of KFC’s supply and purchasing network that there Is potential to increase sales and brand name and value whilst increasing social responsibility, Though the increase in environmental practices and local producer investments. By raising the local purchasing this could increase quality, and has potential to decrease lead-time. By going for a more green approach KFC could minimize brand name implications and negative media attention whilst increasing social responsibility. Reference KFC. (2011). ‘Official Website’, Retrieved From http://www.kfc.com.au/index.asp

Homestasis - Thermoregulation and control of blood sugar Essay

Homestasis - Thermoregulation and control of blood sugar - Essay Example The hypothalamus effects changes in response to alterations in body temperature by activating adjustments to effectors in the form of muscles manipulating body hair movement and operation of the sweat glands. Hence, the human body’ temperature can only be regarded as stable provided that the heat produced matches heat lost. The sustenance of the temperature of the body at a steady level is paramount given that the living processes within the cells closely depends on the action of the enzymes that work effectively in a set of stable conditions, especially at optimal temperature and pH. Any alterations in the set properties influence the utility of the enzymes and can yield to the death of the cells, and, ultimately, the death of the whole organism. This stresses the significance of regulation and sustenance of a constant internal environment. Nevertheless, the internal environment may not be entirely constant as it may be tolerated to fluctuate, albeit at exceptionally constric ted limits. Indeed, temperature regulation is imperative given that the speed of metabolic reactions is directed by enzymes activity that only functions optimally at temperatures that neighbor body’s core temperature of 37Â °C. ... Devoid of enzymes activity, much of critical bodily functions would fail to take place at the required level, which leads to the death of the cells. Q2 How the body gain and lose heat The outside temperature mainly differs significantly as the day progresses; however, the body temperature ought to be sustained at the core temperature of 37Â °C. This is well demonstrated in Jamel’s case given must be sustained at a constant 37Â °C with minimal variations while the outside environment is bound to change (Sircar 2008, 697). Given that the temperature in New York City stood at 10Â °C and there is a possibility that the temperature fluctuated prior the race, during the race, and after the race, Jamel’s body must adapt to the changing external environment. This is achieved via a number of processes through which the body is subjected to, namely: vasodilation, sweating, shivering, and vasoconstriction (Sircar 2008, 697). During the race in which Jamel’s body temperat ure rises owing to the rise in metabolism, the sweat glands located within the skin are activated to secrete/release sweat on to the surface of the skin. The action of evaporation of sweat from Jamel’s body’s surface yields to rapid cooling of the body, which, in turn, yields a drop in body temperature. How Jamel’s body Generate Heat Body energy (heat) is essentially gained through the action of two critical methods, namely: energy generation through metabolic and energy acquisition from environmental. Jamel’s body heat generation and preservation are facilitated by a number of factors: (1) increased muscular activity such as via shivering, which entails the transfer of stored chemical energy, which yields to a net increase in body heat around the skeletal muscle that flows

Paradox of Why Philosophy is Dangerous Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paradox of Why Philosophy is Dangerous - Essay Example Although a lot of people do not acknowledge philosophy, it is essential that some advantages are outlined. The research provides a number of reasons why philosophy is still an important area of study and evaluation in the current life. It is identified that a lot of ideas in today’s world are all associated with philosophy. For example, the language spoken has been identified as the disparity between actions and things, an idea proving that language is associated with philosophy. The research contrasts the given advantages by providing information on the dangers of associating with philosophers. Among the many dangers described, the essay provides clear ways explaining how philosophy is a dangerous method of acquiring information. In a quench to widen their scope of understanding statements, philosophers end up settling on the wrong meanings of the given statements. The research shows prove from two philosophers who proved that one prove in a philosophers world leads to a different finding. The essay provides information that shows how philosophy posses’ danger to everyone including children. Young philosophers are faced with different challenges that are elaborated in depth in the paper. Ragnar says that these challenges include the ability to identify the truth in philosophical statements yet according to philosophers, every statement is true. This does not only involve children because the research shows how philosophy becomes dangerous to the young people. In the quest to seek for knowledge, Young people end up getting caught up in expound able ideas of philosophy. Isn’t it strange how philosophy is far more dangerous than walking on all known slippery rocks? Probably, it would be better to ask why too much thinking causes immense intellectual strain, a basis for various philosophers going bonkers. Many of studies done in colleges are meant to educate people regarding a certain subject in all available details.

Estate Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Estate Management - Essay Example Short-Term (1-5 years) Action Plans 2. CHA must include the target of achieving 100 % tenant profile within the year in order to allow for a more thorough assessment of the organization’s performance in terms of providing Equality of Opportunities to all tenants, by the next reporting period. 3. Based on the available 81 % of Tenant Profile, there is a need to produce a set of questionnaires that will enable the Staff to gather feedback from each of the categories. The feedback ought to be about how well CHA performed the expected and prescribed services for customers. This will then result in a summary according to each category. 4. Within the first round of releasing, following up, and collecting, summarizing, the management should publish informative materials that every tenant should know so that all tenants will be aware of the opportunities made available to them by the government and CHA. This will at least give the Staff a chance to answer YES to the Self-Assessment Qu estionnaire that inquires if the organization has â€Å"published documents that clearly and specifically set out our commitment and approach to equalities issues† as found in the website of the SHR. However, the publication should be very careful not to communicate any hint of discrimination to any category of tenants. 5. In order to meet its moral obligation to every tenant under each category, another set of Survey Materials that are relevant to each category should be developed for the purpose of clarifying the perception or tenants. It will enlighten the management when it is able to find any discrepancy against the perception of the management concerning the way a category of tenants can be satisfied with products and services. 6. To expedite the gathering of survey results, providing restricted, online questionnaires would be a workable recommendation. Tenants should be emailed their Username and Password to access the survey questionnaires. This will prevent just anyb ody from being able access the private questionnaires. 7. But even before the formulation of questionnaires, the Staff should know under what category each tenant will fall under. There should be a more specific set of questions meant for each category. For example, if a tenant is gainfully employed, questions related to Equality of Opportunity may be phrased based on the assumption that the tenant can afford to spend for a higher end design, and will have options to choose loans to access. Those available financing facilities should be communicated to the gainfully employed tenant. If the tenant is unemployed, CHA can offer grants made available by the government. And the options for these people would be the more affordable designs. Equal opportunity should be defined as the relative chance to have a home that complies with the Decent Home Standards with the available means that tenants can afford to utilize. It should not be made to mean that everybody will be offered grants, sin ce grants are limited. If the people who are employed are the tenants notified about grants and they avail of it, what can be utilized for the unemployed to refurbish their homes in order to comply with the Decent H

Woman Crouching and Pollard Birches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Woman Crouching and Pollard Birches - Essay Example Since Van Gogh used a special ink in his drawing, an iron gall ink, the artwork got through a deterioration due to the decaying of the ink. This made the paper of his artwork consume itself. â€Å"The drawing is 34 x 54 cm in size, produced in Nuenen of March 1884. The artwork is displayed in Van Gogh Museum at Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Europe†1. The â€Å"Woman Crouching† by Egon Schiele. This drawing is a 70 x 100 artwork pencil drawing on a durable vellum paper, 1918. His artworks were known for distorted nude and semi-nude drawings that transpires eroticism and suffering. Schiele was sometime imprisoned due to immortality and during his arrest he was able to create a number of drawings and watercolors that really showcased his artistry. â€Å"He was able to produce around 3,500 artworks during his lifetime (1890 – 1918)†2. ______________________ 1 Van Gogh, Vincent. â€Å"Pollard Birches† 1884. Online, http://www.vangoghgallery.com/catalog/Dra wing/1395/Pollard-Birches.html 7 November 2011. 2 Schiele, Egon. â€Å"Crouching Woman† 1918. Online, http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Woman-Crouching-1918-Posters_i8065143_.htm 7 November 2011. 2. Comparison The first point to compare is the aerial or the atmospheric perspective of the two images. Image number one showcases great distinctive intrusion as it transpires better depth than image number two. It gives beating of contrast and element as it draws farther in view which illustrates its depth and illusion of space. â€Å"The partial overlapping of one object from the other also brings about heightened emphasis and greater perspective to the image which supersedes its focus and identity†3. The shades, shadow, brightness and texture bring in life to the first image than the image number two. Thus for the point of foreshortening, image #2 is better than image #1. It appears that the objects emerge compacted which therefore takes in an effect on its perspective that li ves out distortion as what has mostly seen in the works of the artist in image number two. â€Å"Consequently, it makes the foreshortening of the image to be an artistic medium that brings about volume and dimension†4. It has successfully executed drama and emphasized greater space. The first picture emphasizes depth while image number two alleviates it artistry through the volume and dimension of the picture. Lastly is the value of the drawing. The aim is to make your drawing realistic. In this case, image #1 was able to create value to the drawing through shading and focus between areas. â€Å"Building up the bare surroundings and lightly shading the focus areas is the approach given to this that therefore creates an illusion of dimension†5. Image #2 thus on the other hand fails to give a value drawing for it has distinct lines which made it a linear drawing than a value one. 3 N.p. â€Å"Atmospheric or Aerial Perspective† 2004. Online, http://studiochalkboard .evansville.edu/ap-aerial.html 7 November 2011. 4 Helen South. â€Å"Foreshortening†. Online, http://drawsketch.about.com/od/drawingglossary/g/foreshortening.htm 7 November 2011. 5 Helen South. â€Å"Drawing Value – Shading Tonal Values with Graphite Pencil†. Online, http://drawsketch.about.com/cs/pencilgraphite/a/tonal_drawing.htm 7 November 2011. 3. Conclusion Taking into consideration the three bases of comparison in this paper which includes; Atmospheric Perspective, Foreshortening and Value we can now therefore conclude that image number one (Pollard Birches) is better than image number two (Crouching Woman). To support this conclusion, here are other artworks made by the two artists (Right by; â€Å"Vincent Van Gogh† 6 and Left by; â€Å"Egon Schiele† 7). It can be clearly seen that the drawings of Van Gogh are more in-depth that the works of Schiele. Though they are beautiful in

Discuss the stock market exchange crash of 1929 and its legacy in th Essay

Discuss the stock market exchange crash of 1929 and its legacy in th United States - Essay Example Economists however believe that this time round "a deep economic downturn is unlikely" (Bollag 2008). Since the Great Depression of 1929 there has been many researches to find out the real reason behind the sudden economic down turn (Calomiris 1993, 67). One fact that has come to the forefront very clearly is that rather than being just a single factor behind the whole crisis, there were a number of factors that had come together and induced the Great Depression. During the phase when the of the Great Depression, the President of United States of America was Herbert Hoover, who had accumulated great fame because of the reputation he had gained from the Versailles Treaty. Just before the Stock Markets crashed, which marked the initiation point of the Great Depression in October 1929, President Hoover had visited the Golden Anniversary of the Festival of Light that was organized by Henry Ford and in this celebration Hoover mentioned that the efforts of the scientists had made it possible for the common man to have a comfortable life (Foner, 690). At that point of time the President and the common men wee totally unaware of the crisis that was about to befall them. Within a span of three days the Americans were face to face with one of the most modern economic crisis, something which they had never encountered before. Black Thursday refers to the day when the American stock markets crashed to the nadir. Within a span of just five hours almost $10 billion vanished into thin air from the market. The main reason being the panic selling that had been induced by the drastic fall in the stock markets. However, it must be mentioned here that the crash in the stock market was not the only reason behind the Great Depression. There are economists who feel that the people did have the premonition of something going wrong but they could not prepare themselves to face the situation. Moreover, "the seriousness of the problem in the Great Depression was due not only to the extent of the deflation, but also to the large and broad-based expansion of inside debt in the 1920s" (Bernanke 2000, 47). The other factor that played a crucial role in the development of the crisis was the failure of the banks. According to statistics more than 9,000 banks had failed in the 1930s phase. Since most of the banks did not provide any insurance to the depositors so when the banks failed the depositors lost their savings along with it. Slowly the vicious circle was created as the banks that were unsure of their future refused to give loans and the common men have lesser money to spend. This in turn affected the number of goods produced and a drastic cut in the work force. As people lost their jobs they were unable to make payments even for their most basic requirements. Though there were times when the stock markets recovered for some time in the 1930s yet very soon it again began its bearish trend. In between the period of 1929 and 1932, the cost of Steel in America fell from $262 to $22 and those of the General Motors fell from $73 to $8 (Foner, 691). Even more astounding was the drastic fall in the gross national product, which fell by one third of its earlier value. The Great Depression also led to the sharp drop in the market for European imports. The situation became even more tense when the government insisted upon raising the tariffs and introducing a high tariff law (Saint-tienne 1984, 32). Though the

The Factors contributing to Wounded Knee Massacre Essay

The Factors contributing to Wounded Knee Massacre - Essay Example At another point the author maligns politicians by saying that "it was no secret that politicians stuffed the Indian agencies with political appointees who were, more often than not, corrupt and indifferent to the needs of their charges. Eventually, the abused Indians broke out and started killing local settlers, at which point the military men were called in to risk their lives to restore order" (205, 206). Here again, the role of Indians in killing local settlers is depicted as a reaction to a set of conditions developed by politicians. In my opinion, such texts are purposely created under the influence of powerful forces to achieve hidden aims. Hidden aims may include the idea of taking benefit from a given situation to promote a new concept that is previously non-existent. It appears that there is a hidden agenda behind blaming party politics. In this case, the reason for this appears to be that the author wants the readers to stay focused only on one cause of the issue. By doing this, the other factors that contributed to the massacre, have been allowed to escape the vision of the readers. Not only this, but the author also manages to create a feeling of hopelessness and fear among the readers, which is likely to keep the readers away from party politics.

History Essay Example for Free

History Essay 1.   In your opinion, who started the Cold War? Explain in 5 sentences. In one opinion, the Cold War was not started by one side or the other.   The Cold War was more of a culmination of political, cultural and ideological differences than anything else(Pierpaoli).   This being said, in fairness, both the West and the East provoked hostilities during the Cold War through various attempts to promote their respective political systems throughout the world.   Ultimately, the Cold War was not decisively won by the West; rather, the West was able to hold out longer than the East. 2.   List three major prolonged conflicts in the Cold War. During the Cold War, three major prolonged conflicts that erupted were the Korean War (1950–1953); the Vietnam War (1946–1975); and the war in Afghanistan (1979–1989)(Pierpaoli). 3.   How did the Cold War influence society and culture? 3 sentences The Cold War influenced society and culture in many ways.   Culturally, the Cold War gave birth to an entire genre of literature and motion pictures/television- the classic story of the â€Å"secret agent†.   In terms of society, the Cold War divided society in terms of whether people, in both the East and West, supported capitalism or communism, and the many facets that each system offered (Pierpaoli). 4.   Evaluate the role of technology on the Cold War. Technology also played a role in the Cold War.   It was through surveillance technology that the United States was able to protect itself from Soviet aggression, such as the detection of missile sites in Cuba, a mere 90 miles from the US mainland (Pierpaoli).   Technology also helped the Soviets to detect an American U2 spy plane within their airspace- an incident which almost sparked World War III.   Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, the nuclear weapon technology which both the US and USSR possessed held the potential to destroy the planet. 5.What was Watergate and how did it influence the Vietnam War? Briefly describe. When one speaks of Watergate, they are usually referring to illegal actions taken by President Richard M. Nixon. Watergate is said to have begun when Nixon ordered one of his closest advisors, Henry Kissinger, to tap the telephone of a New York Time reporter in order to try to determine who was â€Å"leaking† information to the media about a secret bombing mission in Cambodia (Greene).   This influenced the Vietnam War in that the public learned of the many outrageous secret missions of the American military in Vietnam, raising public opposition to the war itself. 6.`A Short History of Terrorism,` write a paragraph explaining the difference in modern `terrorism` and its historical antecedents given in this article. The single most remarkable difference modern terrorism and its historical antecedents is the fact that modern terrorism is not meant to advance the agenda of a particular nation, but is driven by the belief by many Middle Eastern nations that the United States is an evil empire which God would like to see destroyed (Greenberg).   This type of religious zeal gives modern terrorism its sharp teeth and deadly venom. 7. Write a brief essay explaining your views on whether America should move beyond Affirmative Action at this time. Support your position. America should move beyond Affirmative Action for several key reasons; first, as we have seen in recent months, opportunities have opened up for minorities from the most powerful office in the United States to the areas of entertainment, the media, and the average job in any city in the nation.   Additionally, the increasing cultural diversity of America is transforming the demographic of the nation so that rather than minorities (Gryphon), there are any number of â€Å"mini-majorities† in place, thereby making favoritism for any given group both outdates and unnecessary. 8. Did women have a positive role in the progressive movement even before they had the right to vote? What was it? Describe briefly. Women most definitely had a positive role in the progressive movement even before they had the right to vote because it was the women in society which held families together as men worked outside of the home for long hours, making the woman the essential person who fed/mentored the children, etc.   It was in roles such as these that women were already asserting superiority before they could cast a ballot (Friedan). 9. Did the U.S. do everything it could to help the Jews in Europe? Is our current foreign policy a reaction to this situation? Briefly describe. In the final analysis, the US did not do everything it could to help the Jews in Europe, as there is evidence to suggest that the American government knew about the plight of Jews in Europe for several years before getting involved to protect the lives and interests of European Jews.   In a way, it can be said that our current foreign policy is a reaction to this past situation, as the US is both trying to prevent any aggression against the Jews of the magnitude of that of the past in Europe, and also compensating Jews for past injustices. 10. What were the roles of television and advertising in creating the consumer society of the post-World War II world? Briefly describe. Television and advertising created the consumer society of the post-World War II world, as they both shared with millions of war-weary Americans a wide variety of products that were now available after years of rationing and scarcity due to the war effort.   This led to a consumer society, as American people not only grabbed the items that they needed and could not get for many years, but also those new items that had not been available before.   All of this made the nation one of hardcore consumers, a trend that continues today.

Culture Clashes in Multi-Cultures Essay Example for Free

Culture Clashes in Multi-Cultures Essay In 21st century the most visible fact about society is that they comprise too many types of culture in it together. This is due to the cultural and physical wars which have existed for million years between big communities and also every single little one included in them. This multi-cultural structures societies are usually the return of the colonialism. Big and strong communities having the little and weak ones as colonies enforce them to live with each other who have different types of cultures and traditions. On the other hand multi-cultured societies also are consisting of different types of people who chose to live in the same area because of being suitable for life, having many chances for jobs and prosperious consumption and manifacturing. Sometimes this groups of people adapt to the situation but sometimes they create contrariness and clashes. Kofi Annan, who is the Former Secretary-General of the United Nations uttered that in closly interconnected peoples the inter-cultural dialogue and respect for diversity form the principals of them. His point of view explains that if people strive to understand each other, listen each other and dont refuse before hearing their beliefs, traditions and protocols, respect others thoughts and accept that everyone can have different characteristics and beliefs make closly interconnected groups more comfortable and peaceful. If people dont obey and accept this respectance then it is definite that clashes will occur in the society. Because human nature is prone to be conqueror in all of the conflicts and struggles. Because we love to win, be justified and prepondarent. When everyone thinks that they are right then a clash occurs because people tend to close their ears to hear all of the other different point of views and thoughts. Because of misunderstandings and disagreement between the cu ltures a terrific drama is observed. The political scientist Samuel Huntington thinks that peoples cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post Cold-war world. This shows even the science took culture clashes as a notion and this highlights the severity of it, and what it can bring. In my opinion these clashes are caused by the narrow-minded people. In the past, way before the french and industrial revolution it is so hard to see people who think logically and open-minded. After the efficient developments people changed and improved art, philosophy, psychology and science. Unfortunately these improvements couldnt and still cant affect some group of people especially the uneducated population. Because of this group having limited point of view they reject the diversity of people and cultures. And results can be both national and universal. After the struggles between the groups in the same society rebellion can be occur and convulse the governments discipline. And also because of the idea that wants everyone same as themselves creates the ambition of enforcing others to be like them sometimes by wars and sometimes by financial strength. In my opinion the best way to resolve culture clashes is to educate public more and instruct them to be open-minded and respected toward new ideas, beliefs.

The cause and effect of Gangs in Society

The cause and effect of Gangs in Society According to Street Wars by Tom Hayden, an estimate of over 25,000 young people in the United States, the majority of them African American and Latino, have been killed in street wars during the past two decades (Hayden, Foreword). Because of these violent events, those who live in poorer areas of the country are stereotyped: every child with a tattoo and street child is stigmatized as a criminal who is creating an unfriendly climate for investment or tourism in the country(Hayden, Preface, IX). Gangs never used to be called gangs, and some still do not call themselves gangs(Hayden, 2). Although several gang members see themselves as a family or neighborhood, it is pointed out that gangs are essentially a criminal enterprise(Hayden, 3). This review of literature will examine the factors that contribute to the cause of people coming together to commit crimes, as well as the question of whether the decisions made to join gangs are forced or made at free will. An explanation for the gro wth of gangs is the continuation of extreme poverty and isolation among the generation labeled at risk in our nations cities(Hayden, 16). The stereotype that these people are all criminals has become one of the reasons gangs rebel against the society just because it was wrong and violated societys standards of acceptable behavior(Carrigan, 278). Growing Up Without Proper Nurturing Gang members often come from dysfunctional, abusive, or broken homes, poor living conditions, lack of parental discipline, neglect and low incomes(Carrigan, 285). A variety of studies have shown that a lack of time spent nurturing and properly disciplining children can be a significant contributor to problem behavior(Carrigan, 305). The National Center of Health Statistics in 1988 discovered that, Childrens well being is associated with family structurechildren from divorced families and those living with single parents have been found to have more emotional, behavioral, and academic problems than children living with both of their biological parents (Carrigan, 287). For the upbringing of gang members from single parent households, it wasnt so much the family status that caused the problem. Rather, the status brought on stresses and strains that contributed to the deprivation of good parenting(Carrigan, 287). Jane Rodd, an experienced social worker, states that, What society has to l earn is that children growing up have needs: support, love, respect, fair discipline and a family with positive social values. If these elements are not a strong part of childhood development, the child may well become antisocial as a youth(Carrigan, 287). Study done for the Ministry of the Solicitor General of Canada (1985) reviewed the literature on family relationships and delinquency and reached the conclusions that family criminality, whether it be parents or siblings, is a powerful predictor of childrens delinquency, and parental supervision, followed by mothers affection during childhood, appear to be the two most important variables accounting for adult criminality(Carrigan, 286). Some of the gang members are even homeless, either because their parents are on drugs and they discard them, or they have no homes and the children drift away(Castro). Most gang members have nothing to live for, except their hood. They pledge allegiance to their neighborhood gang, and it becomes their whole wide world, their family. Their loyalty is fierce(Castro). Donald J. McKinnon suggests that the main cause of juvenile delinquency is the lack of a sense of responsibility on the part of parents in the matter of bringing up and training children, l eaving them out on the streets(Carrigan, 284). The particular culture of a lower-class community is seen as one of the major factors that causes gang delinquency(Carrigan, 278). The individual is influenced by the norms of the gang, which in turn reflect modes of behavior acceptable to a lower-class culture. These norms are different from the middle-class culture, which places a higher value on conformist behavior(Carrigan, 278). Throughout American history, a high percentage of delinquents has come from poor economic backgrounds. The correlation led to the easy conclusion that poverty causes crime(Carrigan, 283). It is conveniently forgotten that the sources of most street gangs lie in violent oppression, dispossession, and migration(Hayden, 200). In the twenty-first century, the new generation has been Brought up in a materialistic environment, indulged, protected, and taught by consumer-oriented society that instant gratification was a normal expectation in life, therefore youths often lacked patience and an ability to cope wi th frustration(Carrigan 299). Influences in the past that had helped to nurture values and character were, by the 1960s, either substantially diminished or gone(Carrigan, 300). The decline in the influence of the churches, less emphasis on values education in the schools, and the diminution of the role of the state as a moral agent have contributed to the lessening of interest in the role of values as a governor on human behavior(Carrigan, 288). Heredity While bad neighborhoods and lack of moral education is blamed for the formation of gangs, some studies indicate that the urge to join gangs might lie, at least in part, in their genes(Boys May Feel a Genetic Pull Toward Gangs). Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909), professor of medicine at the University of Turin in Italy, argues that more persistent and violent criminals were born that way. They were throwbacks to a more primitive stage of development(Carrigan, 273). He also defined a criminal as an atavistic being who reproduces in his person the ferocious instincts of primitive humanity and the inferior animals, stating that these people generally have enormous jaws, high cheekbones, prominent superciliary arches, solitary lines in the palms, extreme size of the orbits, handle-shaped or sessile ears found in criminals, savages, and apes; insensibility to pain, extremely acute sight, tattooing, excessive idleness, love of orgies, and the irresistible craving for evil for its own sake, the d esire not only to extinguish life in the victim, but to mutilate the corpse, tear its flesh, and drink its blood(Carrigan, 273). Also, those born with criminal traits start lawless activities at an early age, and constantly demonstrate anger, a spirit of revenge, idleness, volubility and lack of affection(Carrigan, 273). It is said that aggressive behavior is one of the early signs of antisocial and criminal tendencies(Carrigan, 306). Other traits are also said to be hints of rebellion when children grow older: a taste for risk; below average verbal intelligence; response to frustration more likely to involve resentment and anger rather than composure or anxiety, guilt or depression; egocentricism; moral immaturity; and poor problem-solving, coping or self-regulation skills(Carrigan, 281). Children that have high tolerance for deviance in general; rejection of the validity of the law in particular, applies rationalizations for law violations to a wide range of stimuli as reasons for anger, tend to become a lot more rebellious when they grow older(Carrigan, 280). Even the most sensitive among them [the gang members] often have committed terrible violence(Castro). However, those who are insensible to pain are often one of the most violent members in the gangs. One gang member tried to steal a car from this guy, and when the guy resisted, he knocked him down and ran over him with the car. Then he backed up, ran over him again, then he drove around the block and came back and ran over him again. Then he put the car in reverse, and as he ran over the guy a fourth time, the police came along and saw it(Castro). According to a study, Boys who have a variant of the gene monoamine oxidase A(MAOA) otherwise known as the warrior gene are not only more likely to be in gangs than boys without the variant, but they tend to be among the most violent members(Boys May Feel a Genetic Pull Toward Gangs). It is not only the poverty-stricken environment or the broken homes that deprive individuals of a sense of belonging, desperate to join gangs. The study shows that joining gangs also has to do with the genetics of a person (Boys May Feel a Genetic Pull Toward Gangs). Previous research has linked low-activity MAOA variants to a wide range of antisocial, even violent, behavior, but our study confirms that these variants can predict gang membership, the studys lead author, Kevin M. Beaver, a biosocial criminologist at Florida State Universitys College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, said in a university news release. Moreover, we found that variants of this gene could distinguish gang members who we re markedly more likely to behave violently and use weapons from members who were less likely to do either(Boys May Feel a Genetic Pull Toward Gangs). The MAOA gene is believed to affect levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin that are related to mood and behavior, according to the study. Previous research found that the warrior gene is more prevalent in cultures that are typified by warfare and aggression. Strain Theory When someone is unable to gain wealth, power, status, or possessions by legitimate means(Carrigan, 276), due to the frustration felt at being blocked by the system, the individual violates the accepted code of conduct and to resort to illegitimate or illegal means(Carrigan, 277). Strain theory emphasizes the relationship in society between the goals that constitute status and the conventions or does of conduct that regulate the manner in which those aspirations may be pursued(Carrigan, 276). General Strain Theory identifies three major sources of strain: the failure to achieve positively valued goals, the loss of positively valued stimuli, and the presentation of negative stimuli. The first type of strain includes three subtypes: the failure to achieve aspirations or ideal goals, the failure to achieve expectations, and the failure to be treated in a just / fair manner(Broidy and Agnew). It also considers types of strain other than goal blockage, such as the loss of positive stimuli like friends and romantic partners, and the presentation of negative stimuli like excessive demands and verbal, sexual or physical abuse(Broidy and Agnew). The delinquent accepts societys norms that place an importance on the ownership of certain things, but social inequalities, such as poverty, prevent their attainment, therefore turning to crime(Carrigan, 277). Sampson and Wilson (1995) proposed an integrated social disorganization-strain theory in which strain factors are viewed as causing the deterioration of social controls, which are hypothesized to have the more direct effect on crime(DeFronzo). They argue that the forms of social disorganization that promote crime most likely include disrupted, dysfunctional, and/or structurally impaired households; ethnic, racial, and class discrimination and hostility; and the development of deviant subcultures, although they specified that such subcultures are not entirely distinct from the conventional-dominant culture but rather deviant in the sense of fostering at least the tolerance of certain nonconformist behaviors(DeFronzo). Sampson and Wilson concluded that strain factors such as economically generated frustrations or the lack of access to legitimate opportunities tend to create forms of social disorganization. For example, limited economic resources might be expected to result in stresswhi ch, in turn, increases the likelihood of excessive use of alcohol or other drugsand unprotected sexual intercourse outside of marriage often resulting in children being raised in one-parent households(DeFronzo). The Hippie Movement could be one of the examples of gang-like rebellion against mainstream society, although it influenced the culture later on(Carrigan, 300). The revolt of the 1960s was led, disproportionately, by advantaged, well-educated young people who began the first phase of their protest in universitiesWhen faulty and administrations resisted their demands for change, they resorted to protest and sometimes violence to achieve their goals(Carrigan, 300). Clothing styles were changed as an increasing number of people defied convention by opting for casual dress on all occasions, including topless bathing suits; language took on a new coarseness, as four-letter words became the style and symbol of liberation; drug use reached epidemic proportion, as a way of defying legal restraints(Carrigan, 301). It is said that, The social structure itself is the source of the pressure that forces a person into nonconformist or criminal conduct(Carrigan, 276). In a similar way, different strains gang members experience push them into the situation where they would rather commit crimes together than facing their previous struggles(Hayden, 216-217). Conclusion: The formation of gangs hasnt intensified or surfaced until the past few decades(Hayden, 3). It has caused the death of innocent people, and ruined the future for several gang members that initially joined for the sense of belonging, outside of their dysfunctional families and failed relationships. Those who have been bold, allowed themselves to befriend the gang members and have learned more about them as people, have fortunately survived (Castro). They have also been able to turn some lives around, and help them realize gang violence is preventable (Hayden, Foreword). We must put effort into peacemaking, so that our country would become more civilized and be rid of unnecessary violence. Mike Davis from Planet of Slums emphasized that, What is clear is that the contemporary mega-slum poses unique problems of imperial order and social control that conventional geopolitics has barely begun to register. If the aim of the war on terrorism; is to pursue the erstwhile enemy into his sociol ogical and cultural labyrinth, then the poor peripheries of developing cities will be the permanent battlefields of the twenty-first century(Hayden, Preface).

Use of Logic in Monty Python and the holy grail :: essays research papers

Monty Python and the Holy Grail   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Logic affects our lives everyday. We use it both subconsciously and consciously to make decisions which can be as important as our careers, or as insignificant as what to eat for lunch. Logic can also be used in other ways. Ironically, others’ bad logic can result in us learning something just as much as we learn from our own bad decisions. This is shown in Monty Python’s Quest for the Holy Grail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One example of this ironic use of logic is with the trial of the witch. In this trial, Monty Python uses deductive reasoning to conclude that the woman is a witch. By this, he is demonstrating how deductive reasoning is not always right. Just because wood burns like a witch and floats like a duck does not mean she is a witch. The conclusion that â€Å"if she weighs as much as a duck, she is a witch†, therefore, is entirely false. Her weight, at no moment, is a subject of the argument. It is just thrown into the argument, along with the duck and the wood, to make a connection between her and the duck. From this we learn that an argument cannot be won by randomly connecting points until you have proven yours.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another display of this ironic logic is with the Knights who say â€Å"Ni†. They are an example of a Red Herring Argument. They attempt to distract Arthur and his men from their original task with meaningless quests and tasks. Monty Python places the task of â€Å"cutting down the greatest tree with a herring† to ironically relate to this type of logic. It could have been anything else, but the herring was used to relate to this type. From this, we learn that there will often be many things in life to sidetrack us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The greatest display of ironic logic in the movie was the rabbit outside the Cave of Caerbannog. This is an excellent example of deductive logic. Arthur and his knights assume that, since all the little white rabbits they have seen were harmless, that the one guarding the cave would also be harmless.

Jem as A Young Moral Man in To Kill A Mockingbird Essay -- To Kill a Mo

A young boy growing up during the great depressions and racial discreteness’ between a persons race, will be affected dramatically especially in the situation of having a moral father stand against what is wrong. Harper Lee in To Kill a Mockingbird helps mould the young childish Jeremy Finch into a young mature man. In the trial of Tom Robinson, Jem undergoes a change in the way he envisions Maycomb county’s people, as well as his own personal beliefs. Jem also learns a valuable lesson with his relationship and time spent with Mrs. Dubose during a one month period in her bedroom. The writer uses particular moments to show an alteration of Jem’s close interaction with Atticus. Harper Lee has definitely displayed the obvious changes and effects on Jem in particular moments in his life that have shaped him in to the person he becomes at the end of the novel. Jem demonstrates a drastic transformation from the exposition to the denouement. At the commencement of the novel, he engages in childish games involving Dill and Scout. However, as the story progresses, Harper develops Jem’s character and Jem begins to ignore and avoid Scout’s immaturity. He comes to realize that Maycomb County has a negative outlook on a person’s skin colour. Jem can be considered a young man by the end of chapter thirty-one because he experiences the truth of what was hidden from him as a child, Racism, intolerance and dishonesty. â€Å"It was Jem’s turn to cry. His face was streaked with angry tears†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœIt ain’t right, he muttered†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (212). Jem went through a change in, a short period of time that several boys his age do not encounter in a similar way. Although, it is very normal for boys Jem’s age to be somewhat affected by events and people in their life. ... ...s. ‘â€Å"But to do something like this to a sick old lady is inexcusable.’ ‘I strongly advise you to go down and have a talk to Mrs. Dubose,’ (104). Atticus exhibits his willingness to teach Jem to never run away from his problems. It is Atticus who symbolizes a strong figure in Jem’s maturity, growth and change in the novel. During the course of the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Jem experiences an obvious transformation, through particular moments that have effect on the young man he is shaped into. Jem’s growth in the novel is apparent in his interactions with Mrs. Dubose and the Tom Robinson trial. He has distinct moments with Atticus that formulates his authentic personality. As a boy he does not yet understand the truth that little Maycomb County holds. It is through his change in age that he formulates vital morals that break the wall that hides the real world.

Psle in Singapore Debate Essay

In this commentary, I chose my artefact as a newspaper article on PSLE stress because of many reasons. 1) I had always harbored a strong interest on what everyone is saying about this hot topic and it seemed very interesting, stating just one problem that Singapore currently face. 2) Other than that, it is a topic that is easy to research, unlike some historic things which are little-mentioned (e.g. the banana note, the merdeka talks,etc) 3) Last but not least,it is a topic that is widely discussed on and more sources can be found My view on the issue of PSLE Singaporeans have long since been debating whether to remove PSLE. I personally do not think that PSLE should be removed. On the issue of abolishing PSLE, my concern is if we do not have the PSLE, when it comes to the entrance to secondary schools, how do you decide who goes to which school? I sometimes wish we were a bit like Hogwarts in Harry Potter, where you have the sorting hat that decides which house you go to. But in reality, we do not have a sorting hat and how do we decide who goes to which school? If you did not do it according to grades and scores, how would you do it? Another way would be to do it geographically, where you go into the secondary school nearest to your home, but if you did that, everybody will be fighting to be in the primary school near the secondary school you want to be in. PSLE assess how much you have learnt over the six years in primary school and then allocates you to a secondary school according to your abilities and/or choice. If you remove it, you might as well say to remove all exams. On abolishing PSLE, let’s presume we do away with it, then how do we decide who goes to which school? If which school you are going is decided on ‘does the Principal know your father or your mother?’ then it’s not a very meritocratic system nor is it acceptable. It is totally, I think, against Singapore’s system. If it is to be decided by the distance and you live very near a very good school, can you imagine the pressure to enter a primary school that is near the secondary school you want to go to. If a sudent had done very badly, but he or she stays very near a good secondary school, he would get in, but a person who did better and stays lets say 10km away would not be able to enter if according to that policy. Imagine how disapp ointed he or she will feel. One question, is that fair? No doubt many people would say it is not.There is a whole range of scenarios that will come up if Singapore removes PSLE as the sorting exam. The question is how will Singapore deal with it? The real angst about PSLE is the pressure, and the real reason why you have the pressure is that parents perceive that certain schools will give the advantage of getting into university. So, the answer would maybe be to try to make sure that across the board, every school is a good school and that society should change their mindset that a child needs to get into a good school in order to get into university ( which acoording to a survey, is a goalfor many paents. One of the goals of the Singapore government would be ( I think)to make sure that no matter which school students go to, you have a chance to get into a university and even if you do not get into a university, the other options are also pathways to success. I hope that under this system, each person can be the best he or she can be, whether or not that person has a university degree. Why is PSLE bad? 1)Poor education system However, just because I do not think PSLE should be removed doesn’t mean that I totally think it should remain the same. I think, PSLE should not have such a big effect on what type of school a secondary student goes to. In PSLE, the focus tends to be on the aggregate score, which reports each student’s overall performance in comparison with the entire cohort. It’s called a T-score, or transformed score. It’s derived through a certain computation and basically provides a ranking of the entire cohort.* The T-score itself doesn’t actually tell the student how well he has performed in each subject or across all the subjects. In affect, it is a queue number. Thus, I think, to put the stress off the students’ shoulder a little. PSLE should form only about 35% of the final grades. This system also has its benefits as the students will not be so focused on the final examination. They might slack for five years and only start to really work when they are in primary 6. I have the same opinion on all the other major exams too. Also, more weight should be placed on continual assessments, conducted on every semester. Everything is more manageable when it is broken into small parts. This will reduce stress amongst students, and allow individual topics to get the attention deserved. Right now, PSLE encourages parents and students to â€Å"spot† possible exam questions, and prepare for those to the exclusion of all else. If every year’s mark have a large part in the final grade, the students will be more encouraged to work hard and it will be more competitive, resulting in better and smarter young Singaporeans, allowing the country to prosper more. This can happen if we followed the education system that I mentioned other than using other means like, tuition, etc†¦ 2)Encourages poor methods of studying Also, PSLE studying and actual learning have had a bad divorce. The methods common to passing PSLE are: †¢ Ask how, not why. †¢ Don’t experiment or try to be original. Follow what’s worked before, and just copy. †¢ Learn only exam topics. Treat everything else as unimportant. †¢ Memorize model answers, as if they’re cheat codes for a video game. Teachers who try to stray from the path are hammered down. There’s no room for exploration, discourse, or general knowledge. It’s not that students are unaware of this. They know these are bad teaching methods. But the importance of PSLE results overshadows their awareness. When an exam threatens to determine most of a child’s future, fear drives the curriculum (this has happened to me before) On the topic of tuition Ideally, the aim of the education system is that you should be able to pass your exams without tuition. That said, many parents still think that it is necessary for children to have tuition in order for them to do better; not in all the schools but certainly in a percentage of them. My view is that it should not be the case that because you cannot afford tuition you should not be able to pass your exam, which is why MOE has introduced the Learning Support Programmes in schools, mentioned by Minister of education minister Heng at the last Committee Of Supply Debate. The schools are putting a lot more resources to help students who have difficulty with subjects to help them level up. People generally think that Singapore has a good education system and that we are not deprived of a good education. But I do get the sense that many people think that the learning field is not level. The running track (describing the field in which where Singaporeans learn) is the same for everybody. It is just that those from the less affluent backgrounds are coming on with the plain sneakers and the one from the better affluent ones are coming with the branded sneakers which give you more comfort and support. The idea is that, if the playing field is not equal because there are some students who come from families with better resources, then for those students who do not come from families with better resources, at least you help them to level up so that they get a chance to do well. How can Singaporeans adopt a less stressful approach to the PSLE? I like to make a distinction between status and stature. Status is about our relative importance or merit in comparison to other people, who might or might not be better than yourself; assessment sometimes will tell us about academic status. In contrast, stature is inherent, not comparative. It’s about doing the best that you can, and recognising your intrinsic potential. Assessment should also help us develop our stature, and not our status. I know from my own experience how a drop of status badly affects my confidence. I hope this for every teacher and parent: To think and work hard about raising the stature of your children, and not just try to raise their status. Conclusion My conclusion for this is that the PSLE should not be scrapped but should be changed to a better and less stressful exam. So, the format should be changed to one more like the O levels. In the O levels, how well you do within a grade does not matter, just as long you get that particular grade. Once you score an A1, you will not be disadvantaged when compared to a student who has scored A1 with a higher score. I think this should be the model system for the PSLE. Thus , I end my commentary and hope (emphasis) you have enjoyed reading it.

The Four Noble Truths in Buddhism

There are many things that can be found in a religion. The idea of a religion is to give hope for life after death and to give peace of mind during life and a reason to live in a morally â€Å"right† way. There are so many religions in the world and so many questions that are answered within each religion. Buddha was born a prince but he continuously looked at many things that were going on outside of the palace and the lives that the commoners lived. While doing this he decided to start changing how he lived his own life.During this time he began practicing meditation in an attempt to find a reason for his behaviors. Later he changed his name to Buddha and then he began to minister and speak to the people. Buddha spoke about a continual peace and interconnection with those who were around them (Palmer, Cooper, and Corcoran 2001, pp 1-4). One of the main foundations in the religion of Buddhism is the idea of the four noble truths. There are four noble truths in the practice of Buddhism. The four noble truths are the qualification of life.These truths are that there is life that is â€Å"qualified by suffering, that suffering has a cause, that there is a state beyond suffering, and that there is a path to the state† (Lopez 2001, p. 15). In the Dali Lama’s teachings on the four noble truths he talks about the general desire for all to have happiness and for them to not have suffering. He also talks about how these truths are â€Å"all encompassing† (1981 p. 1). The first noble truth is the truth that there will be suffering in life.In his talks on the noble truths, the Dali Lama states that all people experience various types of suffering. He also divides suffering into three categories. These categories are â€Å"the suffering of suffering, the suffering of change, and the all-pervasive suffering. † The suffering of suffering can be described as something like a headache. Some type of thing that inflicts suffering on someone an d that there is no reason for the suffering and there is nothing to come from the suffering so the suffering is purely suffering.This type of suffering is not only experienced in humans but also in animals and this type of suffering is also troublesome in animals as it is in humans and they too wish to be freed from this type of suffering. Since there is a fear of these types of suffering and a desire to eliminate the suffering there is a strong desire to find ways to end this suffering and there are many different ways that individuals can choose to end this type of suffering. This type of suffering can also be described in the types of suffering that occurs when people are found to be living in poverty or having to suffer in this way.The Dali Lama reminds that everyone is able to tell that this type of suffering is suffering and that a relief of some sort is needed (1981, p. 1). The second type of suffering can only be described s the suffering of change. This type of suffering is something that is experienced when someone becomes â€Å"restless† and wants some type of change. There are so many things that can occur as well. The way that the Dali Lama describes this type of suffering is that â€Å"we are sitting comfortably relaxed and at first, everything seems all right, but after a while we lose that feeling and get restless and uncomfortable.† Unlike the suffering of suffering when someone experiences the suffering of change it can ultimately come in the form of something that could have previously been thought of as great or wonderful. For instance if someone is able to begin earning money and seemingly get out of the situation of poverty as described in the previous paragraph then they might believe that life is going to be better. The disappointment that money is unable to buy happiness through things that could now be owned is what could be known as the disappointment of change (1981, p. 1). The third type of suffering is all pervasive suffering.This type of suffering is the basis of the first two types of suffering. The Dali Lama speaks about this type of suffering as the type of suffering that contains the main principles of things like karma. This type of suffering is that there is simply suffering in life because there is suffering in human life. This is the type of suffering that causes some people to take their own lives and commit suicide and is the all pervasive suffering that these people do not feel they will ever be able to escape from. This is also what is behind the â€Å"disturbing minds† that are part of the human existence.With this type of suffering there are many things that the follower of Buddhism can learn and learning about this type of suffering can only cause there to be a more intense and better life. The Dali Lama encourages that â€Å"killing yourself isn’t going to solve your problems† and therefore works with the followers and those for whom he is speaking to be ab le to better manage their feelings and not feel that the act of suicide is necessary. This is the final type of suffering for which the Dali Lama speaks about and the final type of suffering in the first noble truth which is the truth of suffering (1981, pp.1-2). The second of the noble truths is the truth of the cause of suffering. The Dali Lama first talks about how the true Buddhists believe that â€Å"there is no external creator and that even though a Buddha is the highest being, even the Buddha does not have the power to create new life. † Through Buddhism it is taught that the â€Å"ultimate cause† for most suffering is the mind. This is meaning that the mind has the power to control the thought process and many of the feelings that occur which are negative. These negative feelings can include many different and various forms of negative thought.The idea behind this truth is that if one has the power to control their mind then they are able to control their thou ght process and by thinking fewer negative thoughts then the benefit to the person will be that they will be more enlightened and feel better overall. The Dali Lama states that one should work hard to not try to â€Å"grasp a true existence† and this is what is behind many of the negative thoughts. With the negative thoughts and the negative karma that is used. It is also thought that the negative actions that are there involved are also what is behind all negative actions.This is the reason for which the middle way is encouraged (1981, pp. 2-3). The third of the four noble truths are that there is the truth of the cessation of suffering. The Dali Lama speaks about how there are many things that are grasped by the mind and how to train the mind to not grasp certain things will help the mind to be able to manage certain feelings and issues through this if one is able to end the â€Å"disturbing negative minds, the cause of all suffering, then we will end the suffering as well .† This is important as it proposes that each person is in charge of ending their own suffering through being able to rid themselves of all of the negative things that are available. This truth is further taught when practicing the middle way and that by practicing the middle way one is able to end his/her suffering (1981, p. 3). The fourth of the four noble truths is the truth to the path of cessation. This is that the path to being able to find the middle way is a journey that each must take. The Dali Lama speaks of the thirty seven things that are needed to reach enlightenment.This is the path that those who are motivated to liberate themselves from suffering. These thirty seven factors to enlightenment are through the five paths. The five paths being the â€Å"four close placements of mindfulness, the four miraculous powers, the four pure abandonments, the five powers and the five forces, the seven factors of enlightenment, and the eightfold path. † The other way th at one is to travel through the paths of the cessation of suffering was through the six â€Å"transcendent perfections. † This way is through practicing both the methods and wisdom.Through these types of journeys it is said that one can end all suffering and find his/her way to enlightenment (1981, p. 4). The middle way is what the Buddha taught as the end to all suffering. This middle way is the belief that there is good neither through extreme indulgence or through depravation. The middle way is the belief that there is a great way for things to be thought of for the middle of life. This is that one should live in the middle realms of things and that each person should attempt to work on how they can find the perfect â€Å"middle† life for themselves (Lopez 2001, pp.28-29). The Eightfold Path is thought to be another way to end all suffering in the practice of Buddhism. The Eightfold Path is the overall ways that Buddha taught that one could reach enlightenment. The beginning of the Eightfold Path is understanding. There is having a knowledge and understanding of the four noble truths. The way that is described in the fourth noble truth is in itself the way of the Eightfold Path. These also include that there is a â€Å"Truth of Change† and the â€Å"Truth of No Self. † The Eightfold Path is uses the understanding and acceptance.The understanding is that one is able to do. The acceptance is that there is an overall acceptance that there are things that we could not change (MacPhillamy 2001, pp. 1-3). The Eightfold Path also teaches that there needs to be a place of thought. This place of thought is where one is able to introvert into his/her mind and is able to therefore create and control the thoughts that he/she has. In his article on the Eightfold Path, MacPhillamy is talking about the things that can keep one from being able to reach enlightenment.These things being that there are â€Å"little lies, deceptions and fantasies t hat we tell ourselves inside our heads all day long. † Thus meaning that the things that one might tell him/herself in order to be able to manage their feelings are really one of the biggest things that will keep them from enlightenment (2001, p. 3). The next three parts of the Eightfold Path are speech, action and livelihood and they form their own group. With these things it is overall the process of changing them to where their main focus is on inner peace.By acting right and in the moral manner for these things can change the overall issues. There are also â€Å"Three Treasures Precepts. † These are that â€Å"I take refuge in the Buddha. I take refuge in the Dharma. I take refuge in the Sangha. † These are all things that are a part of the unified way of life that includes these three things if they are not all included then it is impossible for one to be able to stand on the issues within him/herself. There are also the â€Å"Three Pure Precepts. † T hese are that â€Å"I will cease from evil. I will do only good. I will do good for others.† The idea behind these three things is that if we continue to do these three things then our lives will be easier and there can be a reassurance and knowledge that all is well through these things (MacPhillamy 2001, pp. 3-6). The next part of the Eightfold Path are the â€Å"Ten Great Precepts. † These precepts are: â€Å"I will refrain from killing. I will refrain from stealing. I will refrain from abusing sexuality. I will refrain from speaking untruthfully. I will refrain from selling the wine of delusion. I will refrain from speaking against others.I will refrain from being proud of myself and belittling others. I will refrain from holding back in giving either Dharma or wealth. I will refrain from indulging anger. I will refrain from defaming the Three Treasures. † There are also the forty eight less grave precepts that should be followed however the top ones have be en listed. The next parts of the Eightfold Path are the ideas of effort, mindfulness, and mediation. With the idea of mindfulness there are some things to keep in mind. With mindfulness it is necessary to â€Å"Do one thing at a time. Pay full attention to what you are doing.When your mind wanders to something else, bring it back. Repeat step number three a few hundred thousand times. And, when your mind keeps wandering to the same thing over and over again, stop for a minute and pay ‘attention’ to the distraction ‘: maybe it is trying to tell you something. † Pure meditation is required in being able to maintain ones beliefs and the issues of one being able to manage his/her overall journey through the Eightfold Path (MacPhillamy 2001, pp. 6-15). Also when studying the four noble truths it is essential to study the overall experience and belief in Nirvana.The idea of Nirvana is the idea of â€Å"absolute truth† (Lebiniz 1999, p. 4). Nirvana can also be described as the overall goal for one who is practicing the four noble truths as the idea of Nirvana is a place where there is an end to all suffering and end of all other types of frustration and other problems (Buddhism†¦ p. 1). Being able to know that Nirvana is achievable and being able to believe in that is the faith that many Buddhists need in order to be able to manage how things are going and to be able to encourage appropriate actions from others and within themselves.Being able to reach a state where there is no pain and no suffering is a dream come true to many. This is in the end the way that happiness can be achieved. In studying the four noble truths of Buddhism many different parts of the religions and beliefs of Buddhism need to be followed and understood and in the end reaching the point of Nirvana or the end of all suffering will help others to be able to be more motivated.These overall steps to reaching enlightenment were formed by the Buddha from his own experiences in â€Å"awakening† what he was to become (Eckel 89). References Buddhism: The Search for Enlightenmentl, Retrieved on 26 April 2009 from http://plaza. ufl. edu/cp9470r/project2/beliefs. html Dali Lama 1981, The Four Noble Truths, Retrieved on 27 April 2009 from http://www. lamayeshe. com/index. php? sect=article&id=380 Eckel, MD 2002, Buddhism, 1st ed, Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Lebiniz 1999. Buddha-Buddhism Religion, Retrieved on 26 April from

Film versions of Romeo and Juliet Essay

My aim of this essay is to compare the two versions of Romeo and Juliet that are directed by Baz Lehrman and Franco Zeffirelli. Lehrman set his in modern times with modern clothing and buildings. He still uses early modern English but with some lines changed, so the modern audience can understand the story a little easier. It was created in 1996. It is given a Miami beach setting with loud music and super-artsy sets, reviewers said â€Å"Natural born killers meet Stratford-Upon-Avon, a kind of Shakespeare MTV†. This version definitely helped younger people with the understanding of the play, and to appreciate the works of Shakespeare, simply because Lehrman could keep to the main basis of the story, yet modernise it to suit these recent times, and keep the audience interested throughout the whole of the film. It was certified as a twelve. Zeffireli’s version is set in Elizabethan times in Italy. At the time that this film was created it was the first version of Romeo and Juliet where the two main characters were played by actual teenagers (seventeen and fifteen). He created the latest action, humour and romantic film version of Romeo and Juliet yet. It was shot in Italy in three main cities of Tuscany, Umbria, and Lazio, but all the scenes of riot and duelling were shot in Gubbio. It was certified as PG. Both of the opening scenes begin with the famous chorus â€Å"Two households both alike in dignity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This gives you a basic outline of the story although it isn’t clear. Zeffirelli had a male voice talking with the same tone of voice throughout it, it was a fairly plain tone but had the hint of sadness as well. On the screen all you can see is a border surrounding the town at the edge of the screen in orange and yellow swirls giving it an ornament look. There is a birds eye view moving across the town then through it, the camera moves very slowly and appears almost like an introduction to the town and gives a sense of romance and anger. The romance because of when the shot is in the town centre it pivots towards the sun it makes you think of happiness and love. Anger, because of the mist right at the beginning and the dark shadows of the walls when the camera goes down fairly dark alleyways. There is folky and old aged music throughout it, this gives you a head start in knowing there will be old fashioned buildings and costume, this creates an image of the Shakespearian times and recall over the whole story of Romeo and Juliet. Lehrman begins with a television set and a pitch black background with the T.V screen fuzzy at first then with someone channel hopping giving you the directors name an the production team name. It is completely silent with only the sounds of the remote control flicking over the channels. Then there is a newscaster announcing the news/story of Romeo and Juliet’s death. She is reading the chorus which is read at the beginning of Franco Zeffireli’s version. As she is talking the camera very slowly zooms into the screen. Then just as she reads the last line the camera zooms in very quickly into the blue background on the T.V screen. Then very loud opera music is played. This gives you a sense of danger maybe violence, the camera zooms down a long road through the town, I think this might have been influenced by the last line â€Å"Is now the two hours’ traffic of our stage† as the word â€Å"traffic† stands out. Then there are flashes of the scenes throughout the movie mainly of violence. The chorus is repeated this time by a male voice. There are pictures of newspaper articles and main words like â€Å"Two star crossed lovers take their life† this is to point out main themes of the story. There is also displays of the white dove and sacred heart labelling Catholicism. The party scene in Zeffireli’s in some ways is different but also similar to that in Lehrman’s, like when the pair talk to each other there is a solo being sung in the background or on-stage both romantic songs to set the scene for when the pair fall in love. In Lehrman’s you have the vision of Romeo who is on drugs, so there is a lot of spinning camera work to show the works of ecstasy also it changes from one thing to another like when Romeo is talking to Lord Capulet then the next moment he sees him singing also the appearance of Mercutio singing and dancing. Later he is looking into the fish tank and there he sees Juliet on the other side of it. He instantly takes an interest in her beauty and follows her over. Then Juliet dances with Paris but keeps an eye out for Romeo. When the dance is over there is a huge celebration when Romeo grabs Juliet’s hand and they begin to talk then the camera shows what Juliet is seeing when Paris turns around ands laughs. Later when they are in the lift together the camera slowly moves around them whilst they kiss to get all sides of them both, it does this about two times I think they do this because its such a passionate moment that Lehrman wanted to make it last as long as possible. In fact its done twice once when they get in the lift and then again when they run out of the lift then back in. When the nurse comes to get Juliet she gives Romeo an evil look, which he doesn’t understand at first until he realises that she is Capulet, the music quietens and the camera holds long time shots at both their faces also when Juliet finds out Romeo’s a Montague, this creates a lot tension. In Zeffirellis he chose to get Romeo to see Juliet before she sees him whilst she is dancing. Soon Juliet spots him and she takes an interest. Zeffirelli chose to get them to meet through a dance called the moreska. Here they dance together they don’t actually talk but you can see in their faces they begin to fancy each other. At this section just like in Lehrmans there is a lot of spinning camera work especially when there are two circles dancing it shows flashes of Lord Capulet, Romeo, Juliet, and of the entire room which they are in. When it finishes a soloist comes on stage and every one creates a circle round him, Romeo and Juliet try to find each other and when they do Romeo grabs her hand and talks to her. Later they kiss and the camera pauses on them whilst there is no singing in the music this makes it fairly romantic but I think it would have been a bit better if the camera looked up and down them to show they are really falling in-love. When the nurse takes Juliet away she asks the nurse to find out who Romeo is. Also Romeo finds that Juliet is a Capulet here, as well as Juliet finding out that he is a Montague. Both directors chose to hold the camera on the couples first kiss. I think they chose this because it really creates a romantic atmosphere this helps people to see the passion between each other. Also they chose to get Romeo to grab Juliet’s hand from behind a column, this makes him appear like the no fear type, the type who are not scared to jump into things like here he instantly tries to impress her with â€Å"holy palmers kiss†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This keeps up Romeos personality on what he does for love, like at the end killing himself for Juliet.

Development from conception to age 16 years Essay

E1. 0-3 – Social and Emotional. Babies around the age of 0-3 will learn how to make eye contact, smile and laugh at others, this will get adults attention and start to form good bonds between the baby and mother. Within social development children learn to make friends and understand the importance of social development skills which will help them success in their personal and professional lives. Babies start to socialise and from bond attachments with people who they normally see the most such as their parents and other family members. Children start to understand all different kinds of social skills. For example, babies and young toddlers will learn to share and take turns during activities and normal everyday routines. Babies need a lot of stimulation in order for their brain to develop and to make opportunities to physically use their body. As babies gradually get older and get to the age of 2, you will realise that they start to change and feel a lot more emotions in themselves, such as temper tantrums. 0-3 – Language and Communication. Babies around the age of 0-3 will experience how to communicate well and understand how communication works. They will start to recognise people’s voices such as their parents and other family members. By being able to recognise their voices will help babies realise who they are and who they should turn to. As babies start growing up they can understand different words and sounds that come from their parents in order to start saying things themselves, such as ‘mama’ or ‘dada’. You will find that babies often talk to themselves but as a parent it may be difficult to try understand what they are saying or trying to say. E2. 3-7 – Social and Emotional. Children at the age of 3-7 will have much more of an understanding of their social and emotional development than when they were a baby. Children react differently and will have gained a lot more understanding of what social development is all about. For example children at this age will know a lot more about sharing and taking turns during activities. For example they will realise that sharing and taking turns is important as they will begin school and there will be many more children in which they will be involved in. Most children at this age enjoy playing and working with others but the very few may like to work and play on their own. Socialising is how children learn to relate to other people and follow what is normal in their society. E.g. Manners and toilet training. Children at this age range can have many mixtures of emotions. This aspect helps children how to learn to express their feelings and how to control and manage them. 3-7 – Language and Communication. During the age of 3-4 children are able to use language well and fairly grammatically although there will be some speech immaturity. Children at this age are able to form good sentences and start to ask question such as ‘why?’ and are able to understand what kind of answers adults feedback to them. At the age of 5-7 children are more likely to understand how to do things on their own. For example they can say their own name, how old they are and be able to recognise different information about themselves. At this age children will also have a good interest in reading and writing. This is important for children as it helps them benefit a lot with their language and communication. They are able to recognise and understand bigger words which they won’t have heard before. (Meggitt C (2006) Page what†¦ E3. Explain two theoretical perspectives relevant to the areas of development. Lev Vygotsky. – Vygotsky believed that children understand language and communication by having good interaction skills between themselves and other people. Vygotsky thought that by the age of 2-3 children should use language to control their behaviour and thoughts. This would explain their feelings by talking out loud. Vygotsky also believed that children develop different communication, expressions and explanation by children playing and interacting with other children either at home or in school. Therefore in schools he said that play was significant for learning and children should help each other through play, this will help children understand the importance of socialising. Children use facial expressions and body language in order to understand what has been said to them. Vygotsky suggested that thought and language began as two different activities. When a baby babbles the baby is not using babbling as a way of thinking, therefore the baby is learning to talk. Jerome Bruner. – Bruner believed that all children learn by having to make their own choices and having the change to have different opportunities in able for them to learn. Independence comes into this theory as independence is a massive impact on children as they should learn to do things for themselves instead of asking an adult. Bruner believed that children learn through different activities such as reading, writing and drawing. He felt that adults should guide and support children during activities like these so he or she could reach their potential. Adults guiding and supporting children is called â€Å"scaffolding†, which helps children to develop their knowledge and understanding. E4. Include three observations as appendices. E5. Written Narrative Observation – Narrative Observations is a lot of detailed information about what the child is doing and what you see. Time Sampling Observation – Observing what happens in a short period of time. Tick List Observation – A list of things an observer looks at when observing children. E6/C1. When you work in childcare settings you are always working with young children, their families and other professionals. You should know that confidentiality is a massive impact when working in childcare settings. Confidential information concerning children or their families should never be discussed with anyone, or written down anywhere as confidentiality is the right of every child and parent whether the information is spoken, written down or on a computer. When working on observations it is also important that you maintain confidentiality. When observing children it is important that you write down all correct information about the child and not write anything that is unnecessary. After observing children you should make sure that all information on observations should be stored away properly which means in a safe and secure place. This is so nobody is able to see what has been written down about the particular child except the person who is responsible for the child, for example the child’s name. It is also important that the name of the setting should stay confidentiality as it could be passed on to people who it may not concern. D1/D2. The observations I carried out showed that child A was confident as she showed she could play alongside her friends, by sharing and taking turns within playing with the babies. Child A was acting out different roles such as mum, dad, brothers and sisters and dressing up. Child A showed that she was being independent by different equipment herself which she needed. For example, she decided she wanted to feed her baby therefore she got out the feeding equipment herself and fed her baby independently. Child A showed that she was particularly interested in playing in the home corner as she stuck to this for a long period of time and didn’t change to a different activity. She showed love and affection to the baby treating it as a real human and looked after her. As child A was playing in the home corner she made sure she was including each of her friends by letting them join in with her and playing nicely. By playing in the home corner it supports children’s needs by helping them with their gross and fine motor skills, such as children will try out new thing containing gross and fine motor skills. B1. When you are working on observations it is important that you plan everything before you start the observation in order for you to look back on the planning and know what you are able to do, and follow everything when it comes to doing them. Talk about working alongside with other parents and professionals†¦ Make sure you are doing the correct observations†¦ Knowing if the observation has gone good or bad? Evaluate and reflect on them†¦ A. There are 4 key components of attachment which are Safe Haven, Secure Base, Proximity Maintenance and Separation Distress. John Bowlby used the word attachment so children could experience bonding with more than one person. He was one of the first people to recognise the needs of babies and young children and a strong relationship with their careers. Attachment is about parents being available to meet their child’s needs and being aware of security within their children. He said that bonds which are formed at a young age have a huge impact on children throughout their lives. Babies and young children who do not have bonds or find it difficult creating bond with other people may find it hard to form relationships in their later life, but he suggested that is was important for babies and young children to have some form of attachment or bond with their mother Mary Ainsworth also looked at attachment working alongside with John Bowlby. She is also a theorist who also looks at attachment in young children. Mary Ainsworth looked at how babies reacted when they were left with a complete stranger then being back with their parents again. This links in with behaviour attachment.