Qualitative Study of Reasons for (Non) Participation in Physical Recreation Essay

The goal of this subjective examination is to research and analyze the reactions of single and wedded ladies that don't take an interest in physical amusement. Absence of physical action from wedded and single ladies has been concentrated less widely than men’s physical movement. (Vehoef, Love and Rose 2003) The issue of non-interest in physical movement can influence the personal satisfaction and wellbeing of ladies all around. It is imperative to address this issue and comprehend why a few ladies don't take part in recreation exercises. The subjective research in this report talks about the significant topics or purposes behind non-support from ladies and thinks about these topics among wedded and single ladies. Right off the bat this report will give a short survey of some past research in this field for the most part the explanations behind not partaking in physical action. Furthermore this report will give a short depiction of the exploration technique used to assemble the information for the quantitative research and thirdly it will examine and portray the significant purpose behind the non-interest in physical entertainment of wedded and single ladies. Part 1b) Literature Review There has been some exploration on the subject of non-investment of ladies in physical diversion. Hitched ladies have less an ideal opportunity to take an interest in physical movement because of work are childbearing duties. (Nomaguchi and Bianchi 2004) These days there are significantly more ladies working all day. Moreover these ladies are working longer hours out of each day. (Nomaguchi and Bianchi 2004) With longer working days ladies are investing less energy doing recreational movement. Ladies are not inspired to invest their solitary free energy practicing a great deal would very much want to unwind and disregard work. Work and study alongside different issues like family obligations are the fundamental reasons that some wedded and single ladies are not associated with physical action. (Erickson and Gillespie 2000) One of the primary purpose behind non-interest for wedded ladies is family and their job in the family. (Nomaguchi and Bianchi 2004) most of wedded ladies are working all day and thinking about kids. (Nomaguchi and Bianchi 2004) Having an all day work and being a mother takes up a lot of time in multi day. Subsequent to completing a long work day and afterward keeping an eye on the requirements of youngsters, for example, transportation and appetite it doesn't leave particularly an ideal opportunity for a lady to work out. A bustling timetable like this can be intellectually tiring and inspiration to perform physical movement can diminish. Research shows that after the entirety of her work and family obligations are done it is normally past the point where it is possible to begin to exercise or they are essentially excessively depleted. This can influence the wellbeing and personal satisfaction for a lady. (Nomaguchi and Bianchi 2004) Single ladies have issues discovering time to take an interest in physical action. They might not have children to care for sometimes however work and study issues can constrain their time for work out. Moderately aged single ladies are marginally more dynamic than wedded ladies a similar age however the general interest rate is little. (Vehoef, Love and Rose 2003) This little interest pace of wedded and single ladies is a worry for society with medical problems, for example, corpulence and gloom expanding. Section 2) Research Methods The exploration strategies utilized in this investigation were top to bottom meetings. Various meeting were directed with wedded and single ladies. Inside and out meetings are fundamentally utilized when the quantity of subjects is somewhat little. The benefit of utilizing an inside and out meeting in a quantitative report is that it is an unstructured procedure that permits the questioner to acquire profundity of answers when contrasted with a survey. The casual structure gives the opportunity of the questioner to alter the course of the meeting and connect with the interviewee substantially more by and by, this permits increasingly broad and definite information. (Kwek 2011) It is significant when directing a top to bottom meeting to not lead the interviewee yet to test them for more data. The individual leading the meeting must not concur with of can't help contradicting the interviewee this is crucial so the interviewee doesn't feel initiated into to responding to an inquiry with a specific goal in mind. The questioner must utilize increasingly open inquiries to acquire inside and out data from the interviewee and afterward affirm this top to bottom by utilizing shut inquiries to guarantee the information being gathered is on target. The open, pivotal and intelligent coding technique was utilized to examine the information. Open coding is the primary coding technique utilized in investigating the inside and out meeting information. Open coding assists with comprehending the procedure and distinguish the foundation of the issue. The meetings were uniformly part among wedded and single ladies. A portion of the issues for wedded ladies in the open coding stage were things, for example, * Age †feeling too old * Body picture †being humiliated by their body * Housework †cooking and cleaning the house. * Kids †moving and thinking about youngsters * Work †working extended periods of time and unpredictable hours * No inspiration †thinking that its difficult to feel roused to practice * No companions to practice with †not having an accomplice or gathering to practice with * Poor information on physical exercises †not realizing the best techniques to take part in physical movement * Low vitality levels †feeling depleted * No time †having no extra an ideal opportunity to participate in standard physical diversion Some of the issues for single ladies were; * No time. * Lack of assets †not having the cash to have the option to pay for and travel to physical exercises of their advantage * No companions to practice with †not having an accomplice or gathering to practice with * Low vitality levels †feeling depleted * Poor area of offices †not having the vehicle alternatives accessible to get to diversion offices * Poor information on physical exercises †not realizing the best strategies to take part in physical movement * Other social exercises †needing to invest energy associating with companions going out to see the films or eating together. For the pivotal coding stage the information was investigated to locate an all the more entire perspective on the issues for non-interest of wedded and single ladies. Hub coding minimalises the quantity of explanations made by the interviewees and recognizes the more typical subjects. Basic topics for wedded ladies in the pivotal coding stage were; * Family and housework * No vitality and poor self-perception * No inspiration because of absence of companions to practice with and poor information * No time because of work Common subjects for single ladies in the hub coding stage were; * Money * No time because of work and study duties * No inspiration because of absence of companions to practice with and poor information * Relaxation and mingling. At this phase of the coding procedure some regular subjects are obvious for both hitched and single ladies. Most of wedded and single ladies expressed that time responsibilities was a significant issues for not working out. The purposes behind the absence of time may shift from the wedded to the single ladies. This brings us into the third phase of the coding procedure, intelligent coding. Intelligent coding intends to look for any between relationship that may exist in the significant topics. (Kwek 2011) This phase of the coding procedure paints a general image of the information gathered and the significant topics. The fundamental subjects in this exploration for wedded ladies are; * Lack of time * Family responsibility * Lack of inspiration Due to family and work duties wedded ladies in this examination appear to have inadequate opportunity to take an interest in physical action. The primary topics in this examination for single ladies are; * Lack of time * Lack of inspiration * Lack of assets Like wedded ladies most single ladies in this investigation accept they need more an ideal opportunity to normally participate in physical movement. An absence of inspiration is additionally a typical topic among wedded and single ladies. Single ladies in this meeting procedure additionally guarantee that an absence of adequate financing to take part in physical diversion is a major factor in their non-cooperation. Section 3) Discussion of Findings It is critical to take note of that all the interviewees are non-member in physical exercise. The explanation behind this investigation is to discover why these women are not practicing all the time. The principle issue that this subjective research has found is time. Assessment of the respondents both the wedded and single felt that absence of time is the principle explanation behind the not to doing physical movement all the time. There are some comparable subjects for both wedded and single ladies corresponding to time imperatives. One explanation behind absence of time that is obvious in the two gatherings is work or study duties. For instance, one respondent (Worker) noticed that â€Å"I work five days per week and I have three youngsters to take care of so there isn’t typically much time left over for myself†. One single lady expressed that â€Å"If I had additional time I would be considerably more liable to accomplish something active† (Kylie) It is clear here that both wedded and single ladies on the off chance that they had additional time would be increasingly disposed to take an interest in physical movement. Another regular purpose behind non-support is absence of inspiration. Most of wedded and single ladies in this investigation feel no inspiration to work out. One comparable explanation behind wedded and single ladies to hove low inspiration is the absence of organization to play out the physical movement with. Jane a wedded lady asserts that she would be â€Å"more slanted to go in the event that somebody accompanied me, it would keep me motivated† Kylie a solitary lady likewise expresses that she would be â€Å"more slanted to accomplish something to that effect on the off chance that I had somebody to go with†. Sheree feels the equivalent, â€Å"I feel in the event that I work less hours I would feel less depleted and hence progressively spurred to exercise† Working less and having a companion or companions to practice with are huge factors in propelling both wedded and sin

Bear Stearns Collapse Timeline Essay

This week five years back, JP Morgan declared it would purchase Wall Street rival Bear Stearns in an arrangement worth $2 an offer †this at last rose to $10. Here, Financial News takes a gander at the occasions in the approach the fall of the 85-year old free speculation bank. Money related News arranged the course of events from official statements, contemporary media reports and William D Cohan’s record of the breakdown of the bank, ‘House of Cards’. May 21, 2007 After long periods of developing shakiness in the US sub-prime home loan advertise, Bear Stearns executive Alan ‘Ace’ Greenberg offers consolations that the firm, intensely presented to the market, is in control. â€Å"The sub-prime (issue) has been blown totally out of proportion,† he says, in remarks revealed by Dow Jones Newswires. Mid-June 2007 Serious issues become obvious at two Bear Sterns speculative stock investments with a high introduction to sub-prime home loans. Speculators in the High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Enhanced Leverage Fund, which oversaw $600m, are educated that the reserve has lost 23% of its incentive throughout the year to April, reports The Wall Street Journal. The store starts a fire-deal to limit exposures. After the disappointment of a mooted salvage plan including support from banks, another salvage conspire is declared by Bear Stearns, which offers $3. 2bn for a bailout of a second store †the High Grade Structured Credit Fund. The bank recently had just $45m put resources into this fund’s value, as indicated by William D Cohan in House of Cards’. Bear Stearns later says it is giving $1. 6bn to the store instead of the first $3. 2bn, refering to the offer of advantages. A choice is made not to safeguard the High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Enhanced Leverage Fund, as per Cohan. August 3, 2007 Standard and Poor’s minimize the bank’s viewpoint to negative. The bank says that worries over its circumstance are â€Å"unwarranted† as the fence investments aftermath spoke to â€Å"isolated incidents† and â€Å"by no methods a more extensive indication† of the bank’s execution, as indicated by The Wall Street Journal. August 5, 2007 Bear Stearns president and co-head working official Warren Spector leaves the bank. Alan Schwartz is affirmed as sole president. Days after the fact, the Associated Press reports that the bank sends letters to customers consoling them of its money related position. September 10, 2007 British very rich person Joseph Lewis communicates his trust later on for the bank by securing a 7% stake, getting perhaps the biggest investor. October 5, 2007 Federal investigators dispatch an examination concerning the breakdown of the Bear Stearns mutual funds. November/December 2007 Chief monetary official Sam Molinaro says that the bank has been â€Å"very preservationist and aggressive† in its revaluations, as indicated by Dow Jones Newswires. On December 10, MarketWatch reports that the bank has recorded $1. 9bn identified with contract introduction. January 8, 2008 Chief official Jimmy Cayne ventures down after boundless analysis of his hands-off reaction to the occasions of the earlier year. He stays as executive. He is supplanted at the top by Alan Schwartz. Around the same time, the bank reports the conclusion of a third store, the Bear Stearns Asset Backed Securities Fund. Bloomberg reports that this store has endured a decrease of 39% of its incentive longer than a year. February, 2008 Hedge support Peloton Partners, run by Goldman former student Ron Beller, breakdown following its introduction to resource upheld protections. Walk 2008 Carlyle Capital, a fence stock investments situated in Amsterdam, falls as worries over exposures to contracts start to duplicate, causing a crush on lines of financing. By March 5, protection premiums on Bear Stearns obligation have ascended from $50,000 per $10m of obligation toward the start of 2005 to $350,000 per $10m obligation, as indicated by William D Cohan. It before long reaches $700,000. Monday, March 10, 2008 The company’s stock falls 11% to its most minimal level in five years following a Moody’s minimization of bits of its home loan bond possessions, composes Cohan. The bank denies bits of gossip that it is in a difficult situation. Speculators search for approaches to wager on further falls in the bank’s stock. Tuesday, March 11, 2008 ING Groep, the Dutch bank, drops $500m of transient financing for Bear Stearns, as per The Wall Street Journal, following a model set by Rabobank. As indicated by a public statement, the Federal Reserve reports an extraordinary loaning office where guarantee can be traded for financing, however the plan can't be gotten to until March 27. In another significant episode, refered to by Cohen in ‘House of Cards’, Goldman Sachs will not sub for Hayman Capital in an exchange with Bear Stearns, recommending discharging certainty among major monetary players. Wednesday. Walk 12, 2008 Overnight markets for financing start to evaporate, while establishments keep on denying transient loaning to Bear Stearns. Speculative stock investments and different financial specialists proceed in their endeavors to remove their cash from Bear Stearns, which is quickly moving toward a subsidizing emergency. Thursday, March 13, 2008. As clients keep on pulling back assets, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the New York Federal Reserve start conversations on the emergency. In a gathering on Thursday night, announced by Cohen, it is found that outgoings at the firm can never again be kept up, with the firm viably coming up short on money during the evening. Legal counselors are gathered to examine the alternatives for insolvency, while an arrangement with JP Morgan Chase is looked for. After late night exchanges, JP Morgan concurs related to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York that it will give tied down subsidizing to Bear Sterns for an underlying time of as long as 28 days. Friday, March 14, 2008 The cobbled-together arrangement neglects to soothe the business sectors. Financial specialists keep on pulling cash from the bank through the span of the day. By the night, unmistakably an answer should be formulated throughout the end of the week if the bank is to endure. Saturday, March 15-Sunday, March 16, 2008 JP Morgan says it can't do an arrangement without help from the Federal Reserve, because of the enormous number of poisonous protections on the books of Bear Stearns. Accordingly, the Fed favors a credit of $30bn saying that it is important to dodge â€Å"serious interruptions in the budgetary markets†. JP Morgan offers just $2 per share for the bank, an enormous misfortune for those whose stock was worth $30 on Friday, $60 the prior week and over $150 every prior year. Bondholders will be saved by the arrangement, which is acknowledged by the leading group of Bear Stearns on Sunday morning. Fights with JP Morgan over an agreement circumstance †which conceivably leaves the bank at risk for financing Bear Stearns without asserting full possession †bring about brinkmanship from Bear Sterns. A last cost of $10 per share is concurred, with an estimation of $1. 45bn joined to the value. Walk 25 Bear Stearns CEO Jimmy Cayne and his better half sell 5. 66 million offers in the bank for $61. 34m, which, as indicated by Cohan, spoke to a $1bn misfortune on the bank’s stock. May 29 The last Bear Stearns investor meeting happens, at which previous CEO Cayne discusses his trouble at the firm’s downfall, as per The Wall Street Journal, refering to visitors present.

Comparison of UK and German Pension Systems

Examination of UK and German Pension Systems This exposition examines two principle questions: I) What are the primary variables causing numerous individuals not to spare towards their retirement, contrasting people over the age of 18; and ii) Look at the contrasts between the benefits framework here in the UK and Germany, and what Germany is doing to make individuals spare more than individuals spare than in the UK. It is clear, across numerous European nations, that numerous people don't spare as much as possible, and, specifically, are not sparing satisfactory sums towards their retirement. This applies similarly for people and across numerous European nations. This issue is, be that as it may, especially set apart in the UK, with numerous people either essentially not having any benefits arrangements or not contributing enough in to their annuity conspire. Also, numerous people in the UK basically don't spare any extent of their income, and spend so a lot, if not more, than they gain. This isn't the situation in Germany: for all intents and purposes each family unit spares considerable sums, until mature age, with just families in the most reduced extents of the pay circulation bend not sparing (Borsch-Supan and Essig, 2003). 40% of family units in Germany normally spare a fixed sum, with a further 45% sparing, yet not fixed sums and not routinely; 25% of Germans spare in view of a fixed reserve funds target, arranging their investment funds towards these points, with most of Germans liking to cut family utilization, as opposed to contact their reserve funds, if closes don't meet; to be sure, 80% of Germans only from time to time go negative in their present records (Borsch-Supan and Essig, 2003). This is very unique to the example in the UK, where individual obligation is as of now the most noteworthy it has been for a long time, and numerous people don't get ready for sparing in view of unmistakable points, nor spare towards any kind of annuity plot, leaving themselves open to issues when they come to retirement age. As appeared by the OECD (2002), since 1985, the UK has reliably had a far lower family unit investment funds rate than Germany, with Germany averaging around 13.5% of expendable family unit pay being spared, year on year since 1985, and the UK averaging around 5.5%, year on year since 1985 (OECD, 2002). In Germany, as in the UK, there are three principle kinds of annuity: state, organization and private, with the selection of private benefits being progressively energized, because of the maturing populace in the two areas. There are numerous reasons refered to for why individuals don't spare enough towards their retirement, for instance, the inclination that ‘I am too youthful to even think about starting putting something aside for my pension’, ‘I don’t gain enough to have the option to put something aside for a pension’ or ‘I will get a state annuity, so don’t need to worry’. These reasons are invalid, in the event that they are concentrated further, as it is progressively turning into the duty of the person to accommodate their retirement, thus putting something aside for an annuity ought to be an important cost; the sooner the individual begins to spare, clearly, the more they will have in their benefits finance with regards t o retirement age, and the more they will have the option to take as a benefits when they come to resign. It is along these lines useful for people to put resources into their future, by sparing normally towards their retirement, however this idea doesn't appear to be as imbued in the psyches of people in the UK all things considered in Germany. As of not long ago, 19.5% of livelihoods from German people was by and large put towards private annuities, with private benefits organizations in the UK taking not even close to this sum; 10-15% is an increasingly ordinary normal sum taken by UK organization annuity plans (OECD, 2007). What's more, Germany has probably the most significant level of open spending on benefits in the OECD nations (11.5% of GDP, contrasted with 4.5% of GDP in the UK (Disney and Johnson, 2001)), albeit as of late Germany has expanded the retirement age over the conventional 65 years for men, to 67; a comparative ascent in the period of retirement from open annuity plans has as of late happened in the UK (OECD, 2007). Commitment to private annuity plans has the most stretched out inclusion in Germany of any OECD nation, in spite of the fact that the sums added to private benefits designs in Germany are low, when contrasted with the sums German people put in to organization benefits plans (OECD, 2007). Lik ewise, less German people are changing from organization annuity plans to private benefits plots in Germany than in other OECD nations. In fact, just 39.9% of people have changed from organization to private benefits conspires in Germany, with 53.4% of people changing to â€Å"personal account† annuities in the UK (OECD, 2007). Notwithstanding the apparently high switch over from organization benefits plans to private or â€Å"personal account† annuities in the UK, the UK government appraises that around 7 million people are not sparing enough for their retirement, under any plan, and that an extra 10 million people don't put something aside for their retirement by means of their organization annuity plot, which incorporates a business commitment of at least 3%. What are the purposes behind these distinctions, and what are the principle factors causing numerous individuals not to spare towards their retirement? What's going on with Germany, for instance, that urges a larger number of individuals to spare than in the UK? The UK, generally, has more elevated levels of individual obligation than Germany, with people from the two districts having altogether different perspectives towards spending and sparing, and where they decide to contribute their investment funds. What's more, people who do spare in the UK tend to ‘dip into’ their investment funds to purchase extravagance things, while German savers will in general disregard their reserve funds, and to purchase extravagance things, just when they can bear to do as such, when they have spared, explicitly, for that thing. Given the maturing populace, and the way that insufficient individuals are putting something aside for their retirement, the UK is as of now attempting to build sparing towards annuities, especially, with different duty impetuses, through private benefits tax assessment plans and ISAs, for instance, and the recently presented annuity credit plans. Taking everything into account, in this manner, there is by all accounts an exceptionally careless mentality towards sparing, as a rule, in the UK, with putting something aside for retirement being especially ignored; Germany, then again, with its convention of low close to home obligation, and high family unit investment funds, has a high inclusion of people sparing towards their retirement, for the most part through organization, or, progressively, private benefits plans. References Borsch-Supan, A. what's more, Essig, L. (2003). Family sparing in Germany: consequences of the main SAVE study. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 9902. Accessible from http://www.nber.org/papers/w9902 [Accessed 28th October 2008]. Disney, D. what's more, Johnson, M. (2001). Annuity frameworks and retirement salaries across OECD nations. Edward Elgar. OECD (2002). Family unit reserve funds rates by nation from 1985 through 2004 conjecture. OECD Economic Outlook. OECD (2007). Annuities initially †open approaches across OECD nations 2007 Edition. Accessible from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/42/38728511.pdf [Accessed on 28th October 2008].

Social Determinants of Health and Wellbeing Essay

Social Determinants of Health and Wellbeing - Essay Example 1999). A sheltered domain, satisfactory salary, significant jobs in the public arena, secure lodging, more elevated level of instruction and social help inside networks are related with better wellbeing and prosperity. It is these determinants that we allude to as the social determinants of wellbeing (Baum F. 1999). The key determinants of wellbeing are ethnicity, social components, instructive accomplishments, financial conditions, lodging, work security and access to and utilization of medicinal services administrations contributing together to depict financial status in the general public of Canada (Raphael, D., 2006). The SODH National Conference concentrated on the open approach condition (pay and its dissemination) and not on the attributes related with the people (pay and economic wellbeing). There are 11 SODS they are: Aboriginal status, early life, training, business and working conditions, food security, medicinal services administrations, lodging, pay and its appropriation , social wellbeing net, social prohibition, joblessness security (Raphael, D., 2006). The methodologies for SDOH are Mid-level methodology are an emphasis on mid-level determinants of wellbeing.

Borrowing Part 3 International Students COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Borrowing Part 3 International Students COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following post is part of a three part series written by a member of the admissions and financial aid staff, Colin Sullivan. _____________________ If students from overseas (or across great lands) require additional funding to supplement any fellowships, sponsorships, or grants they may receive, they can apply for the very same private loans as their American compatriots, but they must have a US citizen or permanent resident willing to cosign. We also advise that our international students contact banks in their home countries to research the possibility of education or personal loan opportunities to help cover the full cost of attendance.  Something as simple as a Google search with various applicable keywords (i.e., “student”, “loan”, “international”, etc) can often yield a deep well from which you can siphon exactly the type of financing you may require. International Applicant Frequently Asked Questions: Question: I’m an international applicant. Can SIPA or any SIPA employees cosign on my private education loan for me, or can Columbia University provide me with a cosigner? Answer: SIPA cannot serve as a cosigner on any loans, nor can we refer a cosigner. A cosigner should primarily be an individual with whom you share a personal relationship, and someone who would be willing to assume responsibility for the loan should you become unable to pay. Question:   I’m an international applicant, and my uncle is a wealthy banker in my home country. Would he be able to cosign on my loan? Answer: Unfortunately at this time, US private education lending institutions require that either a US citizen or permanent resident cosign on your loan, with no exceptions. Question: Would I be able to use my personal assets as collateral in the absence of a US cosigner? Answer: At one time, private education loan lenders were willing to accept collateral, but due to the recent “credit crunch” in the US, they have since discontinued this practice. However, a bank in your home country may be able to provide funding for you in a similar manner. Question: I have been unable to find a cosigner. Is there any additional financial aid available to me, and does SIPA offer any school-originated loans or financing that I can utilize? Answer: At this time, Columbia University offers no such programs for either domestic or international students, as we do not operate as a lender.

Impact of Online Travel Agents on the Hotel Loyalty Program - 4675 Words

Impact of Online Travel Agents on the Hotel Loyalty Program (Dissertation Sample) Content: Impact of Online Travel Agents on the Hotel Loyalty ProgramName of StudentInstitutional AffiliationImpact of Online Travel Agents on the Hotel Loyalty ProgramChapter One: IntroductionBackground InformationCourtesy of the sensational global shift from traditional to modern use of Information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the last one decade, the hotel industry now makes most of its transactions through the internet. Online channels, including; Online Travel Agencies (OTAs), Global Distribution Systems (GDS) and Hotel Websites are receiving rapid continued growth in popularity as hotel booking channels among individual business and leisure travelers from all corners of the world. As early as the year 2004, online hotel bookings acquired the second position as the largest online traded item, slightly behind air travel tickets, CITATION Inv14 \l 1033 (Inversini Masiero, 2014).Particularly, online travel agencies have been observed to experience the highest popularity among the three online booking channels. A recent report indicates that the OTA channel received the largest increase in hotel bookings, with a 9.2% increase in the first quarter of the year 2014 as compared to the last quarter of the year 2013, CITATION DeV14 \l 1033 (DeVoren Susman, 2014). During the same period, hotel bookings made through hotel websites and global distribution systems increased by only 6.1% and 2.9% respectively as compared to bookings that were made through the same channels in the last quarter of the year 2013, CITATION DeV14 \l 1033 (DeVoren Susman, 2014). During the exact period, booking made through Hotel Directs (calls direct to the hotels and walk-in customers) and CRO channels decreased by 0.4% and 0.9% respectively, CITATION Dan14 \t \l 1033 (DeVoren McGrann, 2014).According to a report by Tapscott, (2014s), OTAs experienced the highest growth in average daily rates (ADR), with an increase of 7.9% in the first quarter of the year 2014 as compared to the last quarter of the year 2013. During the same period, other channels, including; Hotel directs, GDS, CRO and hotel websites experienced increases amounting to 3.0%, 3.3%, 1.7% and 2.7% respectively, CITATION DTa14 \l 1033 (Tapscott, 2014). These indicate very low rates of increase in ADR for the four channels as compared to the increase that was experienced by the OTA channel.Now by looking at a single destination, a recent report indicates that around 64% of travelers who visited Las Vegas in the year 2013 used online channels to make hotel reservations, an increase from 49% in the year 2009, CITATION Ric14 \l 1033 (Velotta, 2014). According to the same report, although most visitors went through hotel channel managers to make hotel reservations in the year 2013, the percentage of visitors who went through OTAs was the highest as compared to the same percentage in the preceding years. This percentage is expected to increase by the end of the year 2014, CITAT ION Dan14 \t \l 1033 (DeVoren McGrann, 2014).The continuing rapid increase in the share of travelers who make hotel reservations through OTAs builds curiosity as to whether OTAs have better loyalty programs than independent hotels. A research by Continenza, (2014), investigated this where it was found that hotels treat those who book rooms directly through the channel managers as loyal members and thus offers them first dibs on room assignments. This lot of customers, therefore, gets the best rooms, which have better views and quieter locations. On the other hand, hotels treat visitors who make reservations through third parties as non-loyal and thus offers them run off rooms which may not be strategically well located. In this regard, it may be said that hotel loyalty programs gives better incentives than OTAs loyalty program. In another artle though, Chan and Guillet, (2011), favors OTAs programs over hotel programs based on the fact that OTAs offers a variety of rooms from dif ferent hotels as compared to hotel websites which offers just the brand of rooms that they own. In this regard, a customer may have better chances of getting satisfactory accommodation if he/she goes through an OTA than when he/she goes through a channel manager.Statement of the ProblemAlthough hotels own loyalty programs that they use in attracting customers, Online Travel Agents in the current decade attract a very huge number of travelers who make hotel reservations on their websites. This situation is creating two major problems; one for the travelers and one for the hoteliers. Looking at the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ side, OTAs may act as a medium of exploiting them in terms of prices and quality of products and services. Although one may argue that competition between different OTA websites can limit the exploitation, another person may also argue that the commission charged by OTAs above direct booking charges is a form of exploitation. OTA websites are also speculated to be a s ource of exaggerated information in terms of the quality of services offered in different hotels. However, there is also a positive view upon OTAs, that their websites are more efficient in finding the best hotel reservations for travelers than direct models.As far as the suppliers are concerned, some of the hoteliers think of the relationship between them and the OTAs as a threat to their loyalty programs while others think of OTAs as business promoters. As it has been discussed above OATs may be a route of exploitation as well as a source of false information to hotel customers. This may act as a way of reducing customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ loyalty towards brands offered by certain hoteliers. There may also be another argument that OTAs may make a customer more loyal to a particular brand due to the fact that they are specialists in sales and marketing.Purpose of the StudyIn the present era, a very large percentage of long-distance travelers in developed countries make their hotel reserva tions through OTA websites, CITATION Ken14 \l 1033 (Sena, McNellis, McDade, 2014). Some of the most common intermediaries include HRS, Last-Minute, Book.com, Travelocity, Axpedia, Priceline.com, Orbitz and many more. Due to the fact that OTA websites are able to attract more travelers than Hotel websites, hoteliers are finding it essential to link themselves to the customers through these intermediaries. Hotel managers are, however, reluctant in making the decision due to the fear that OTAs may affect their loyalty programs.This study seeks to investigate the relationship between OTAs and hotels; looking more keenly at how ATOs influence hotel loyalty programs. In this regard, the study will act as a source of information for hotel managers when they are making the decision on whether to form ties with OTAs. The paper also seeks to investigate the factors that travelers should look at while choosing the websites or the loyalty program on which to make hotel reservations. The resul t of this investigation will act as a guide to travelers, thus making them capable of avoiding exploitation.The research is also aimed at adding to the already existing literature material in the field of tourism and hospitality. This will allow scholars and researchers in this field to have a wide range of materials from where to base their arguments, (Loraine et al., 2010).Research HypothesisHo1: OTAs limit the functionality of hotel loyalty programs.Ho2: For a traveler, making hotel reservations through OTAs is stressful than making reservations directly with a hotel website.Research Objectives 1 To investigate the factors that influence a traveler to choose a particular OTA website or a certain loyalty program over other OTA websites or loyalty programs for making hotel reservations. 2 To study how OTAs influence hotelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ loyalty programs. 3 To examine whether OTAs are beneficial or disadvantageous to hotels in helping them to gain customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ loyalty. 4 To com e up with strategies that can be applied to enhance the relationship between OTAs and hotels.Research Questions 1 What influences a traveler to choose a certain OTA website or a certain loyalty program over other OTA websites or other loyalty programs for making hotel reservations? 2 What influence does OTAs have on hotelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ loyalty programs? 3 Does OTAs help or limit the functionality of Hotelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ loyalty programs? 4 Which strategies that can be applied to enhance the relationship between OTAs and hotels.Chapter Two: Literature reviewOver the past one decade, technology advancement has greatly improved the success of many industries. Airline companies lead this race in embracing the technology in their sales and marketing activities. As early as 2004 the travel and tourism industries were ranked top on their use of online transactions, CITATION Inv14 \l 1033 (Inversini Masiero, 2014). Online hotel booking was ranked second in terms of revenue earned through onlin e channels, CITATION Inv14 \l 1033 (Inversini Masiero, 2014). According to Chan and Guillet, (2011), this inevitable success has been achieved courtesy of Online Travel Agents and probable the social media. Of late, OTA websites have gained a lot of popularity among travelers, thus posing a big challenge to hotel owners, CITATION Pao14 \l 1033 (Roma, Zambuto, Perrone, 2014).Although technology has offered numerous opportunities, hoteliers have been reluctant to adapt the new technology, (Buhalis, 2003). This is due to their earlier website use, which will soon be regarded as obsolete, CITATION Ken14 \l 1033 (Sena, McNellis, McDade, 2014). According to Bahalis, (2003), traditional web site use earns hoteliers very little despite having invested a lot of resources in developing the websites. A study by Schmidt et al., (2009), addresse...

Analysis Of Ellen Ullman s A Strong Passionate Woman

Ellen Ullman, a strong, passionate woman, grows up with an ambitious dream of reaching high and aiming for the stars. Defying the social standard, she immerses herself into the male-dominated career of computer programming where she immediately runs straight into a barrier separating her from the path to contentment and success in the workplace. Unlike many women, Ullman found a way to shatter the glass ceiling and rise above, but she cannot discover how to end sexism for all other women across the nation. America is said to be the land of equal-opportunity, but working women are still experiencing great levels of discrimination in the workplace. The root of sexism comes from an abstract way of thinking—stereotypes. Throughout history and still today, the American culture promotes the stereotypes of women being viewed only as the care holders of the family that raise the children and tidy up the house. Sexism does not just affect a few women, because across the nation and for many years, there have been an abundance of accounts of women suffering from discrimination. Women are discriminated against by receiving less pay and subservient jobs due to the stereotypes used against them in the workplace which, in turn, damages both women and businesses directly. In order to push forward through this great injustice, people must start at the elementary level to extinguish stereotypes and allow America’s children to grow with an open mind. Gender discrimination especially targetsShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Edu cation, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers